术语词典Trucking Glossary

联邦对商业司机驾驶时间、值勤时间和休息的规则（49 CFR Part 395）。一般货运规则下，连续休息 10 小时后最多驾驶 11 小时，且受上岗后 14 小时驾驶窗口约束。Federal rules governing commercial drivers’ driving, duty time, and rest (49 CFR Part 395). Under the general property-carrier rules, 10 consecutive hours off duty permit up to 11 hours of driving within a 14-hour window after coming on duty.

记录司机值勤状态的电子设备。联邦规则通常要求需要保留值勤状态记录（RODS）的司机使用 ELD，但存在适用例外。An electronic device used to record driver duty status. Federal rules generally require ELDs for drivers who must keep records of duty status (RODS), subject to exceptions.

记录司机当日各时段状态（驾驶/值勤/休息/睡铺）的日志，今日多由 ELD 电子记录。The record of a driver's daily status segments (driving/on-duty/off/sleeper) — now mostly maintained by an ELD.

记录一段时间属于哪种活动：非值勤／休息（Off Duty）、卧铺休息（Sleeper Berth）、驾驶（Driving），或值勤但未驾驶（On Duty, Not Driving）。应按实际活动和责任记录；ELD（电子记录仪）不会替你判断所有等待、装卸和休息时间。The category recorded for each period: Off Duty, Sleeper Berth, Driving, or On Duty, Not Driving. Record the actual activity and responsibilities. An electronic logging device (ELD) does not decide every waiting, loading, or rest period for the driver.

司机车辆检查报告，用于记录发现或获知的、可能影响安全或导致机械故障的车辆缺陷。它与驾驶前确认车辆可安全运行的检查是不同事项。A Driver Vehicle Inspection Report records vehicle defects discovered by or reported to the driver that could affect safety or cause a breakdown. It is distinct from the pre-trip check that the vehicle is safe to operate.

有资质的执法检查人员在路边或检查站开展的商用车合规检查。检查范围依类型而异，可涉及司机、文件及车辆状况。A commercial-vehicle compliance inspection conducted by authorized enforcement personnel at roadside or an inspection facility. Its scope varies and may cover the driver, documents, and vehicle condition.

停止运行命令，可以针对司机或车辆。在满足命令和适用规则规定的恢复条件前，不得继续相应驾驶或车辆运行。An order restricting a driver or vehicle from operation until the conditions required by the order and applicable rules are met.

实际承担货物运输的个人或企业。需要哪些注册和经营资质，取决于车辆、货物与业务类型；并不是所有承运人都适用同一种 MC 经营资质要求。An individual or business that actually transports freight. Registration and authority requirements depend on the vehicle, cargo, and operation; not every carrier needs the same operating authority.

协调司机工作的人员：传达提送货地点和时间、跟进进度、处理安排变化；有些调度也负责找货、谈价。可以是车队内部人员，也可以是外部服务商。A person coordinating drivers’ work: communicating pickup and delivery details, tracking progress, and handling changes. Some also find loads and negotiate rates. Dispatchers may work inside a carrier or provide an outside service.

司机出车前确认车辆处于安全可运行状态的检查，通常会看车辆、挂车、制动、轮胎、灯具、联结和货物固定等项目。它是开车前的安全判断，不等于已经填写 DVIR，也不等于执法路检或定期检查。A driver's check before operating to confirm that the vehicle is in safe working condition, commonly covering the tractor, trailer, brakes, tires, lights, coupling, and cargo securement. It is a pre-driving safety judgment, not the same as completing a DVIR, a roadside inspection, or a periodic inspection.

用车辆结构、垫木、支撑、绑带、链条或其他合适装置，把货物固定、阻挡或约束在车辆内外，避免行驶中泄漏、掉落或移动到影响车辆稳定和操控。柜门铅封只显示封闭状态或编号，不承担这种固定作用。The use of vehicle structures, dunnage, blocking, bracing, tiedowns, chains, or other suitable means to contain, immobilize, or restrain cargo so it does not leak, fall, or shift enough to affect vehicle stability or handling. A container seal indicates closure or identity; it does not secure the cargo.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating：厂家为单辆车规定的满载总重上限，包含车本身、人员、燃油和货物。它不是这次过磅的实际重量，也不是“还能装多少货”；道路限重、轴重和整车组合要求还要分别核对。Gross Vehicle Weight Rating: the manufacturer’s loaded-weight rating for a single vehicle, including the vehicle, people, fuel, and cargo. It is not the current scale weight or cargo capacity. Road, axle, and combination-weight limits must be checked separately.

车辆和货物通过某一车轴或一组车轴施加在路面的重量。总重合规不代表每个轴重都合规；轴距、轮胎额定载荷、州法、路线限制或许可条件都可能影响允许重量。The weight that a vehicle and its cargo place on the road through one axle or an axle group. A legal gross weight does not prove every axle is legal; axle spacing, tire ratings, state law, route restrictions, and permit conditions can all affect the allowed weight.

车辆过磅后由秤站或称重系统出具的记录，通常列示车辆识别信息、称重时间及各轴组或总重；由持证称重员（weighmaster）签发的可能是正式重量证书。它记录当次称重结果，不是装货许可、道路通行许可或超重豁免。A record issued after a vehicle is weighed, commonly showing vehicle identifiers, weighing time, and axle-group or gross weights; a licensed weighmaster may issue a formal weight certificate. It records that weighing event and is not permission to load, a road permit, or an overweight exemption.

执法机构用于称量并检查商用车辆的固定或临时设施，可核查重量、尺寸、车辆设备、装载、登记和司机要求。它不同于收费提供磅单的商业公共秤站，也不只是一次简单过磅。A fixed or temporary enforcement facility used to weigh and inspect commercial vehicles for weight, size, equipment, loading, registration, and driver requirements. It differs from a commercial public scale that sells a weighing ticket and may involve more than weighing alone.