术语词典Trucking Glossary

自己经营卡车运输、通常也亲自开车的人。可以在自己的经营资质下运营，也可以把车辆租给承运公司、按其安排运营（常说“挂靠”）。USDOT 是识别编号，不等于 MC 经营资质。A person running a trucking business who usually also drives. They may operate under their own authority or lease equipment to an authorized carrier. A USDOT number identifies the operation; it is not the same as MC operating authority.

油费、维修、保险等由谁承担，要看实际经营和租赁约定。即使停车没有跑货，有些账单仍要付，算成本时别漏掉。Check the operating or lease agreement for who pays fuel, repairs, insurance, and other expenses. Some bills continue even while the truck is parked.

也叫：Also: 个体车主 · 自营司机 · independent trucker

实际承担货物运输的个人或企业。需要哪些注册和经营资质，取决于车辆、货物与业务类型；并不是所有承运人都适用同一种 MC 经营资质要求。An individual or business that actually transports freight. Registration and authority requirements depend on the vehicle, cargo, and operation; not every carrier needs the same operating authority.

也叫：Also: 车队 · 运输公司 · trucking company

替发货方联系承运人、安排运输并收取报酬的个人或公司。作为经纪，主要负责安排，实际运货由承运人完成。适用的联邦经纪业务需登记资质，并维持 $75,000 的担保，可用 BMC-84 保证担保或 BMC-85 信托。A person or company paid to arrange transportation between a shipper and carrier. In its broker role, it arranges the shipment; the carrier transports it. Covered federal brokerage operations require registration and $75,000 in financial security through a BMC-84 surety bond or BMC-85 trust.

接货前核对 FMCSA 的当前经营资质和担保信息；“有资质”不等于保证按时付款。对方提供快付，也不能代替身份和付款条件核对。Check current FMCSA authority and financial-security information before accepting a load. Registration does not guarantee payment, and a Quick-Pay offer does not replace those checks.

也叫：Also: 中介 · 经纪 · broker

把货物交给承运人运输的发货方。可能是厂家、卖家，也可能是受托发货的仓库；不一定是货物的所有人。看提单时，先认清谁发货、谁收货。The party sending goods through a carrier. It may be a manufacturer, seller, or warehouse shipping on another party’s behalf, and need not own the goods. On a bill of lading, distinguish the sending party from the receiving party.

也叫：Also: 发货人 · 厂家 · 货主

运输单据中指定接收货物的个人或公司，常出现在 Consignee 或 Ship To 一栏。比如送货到商店，收货方可以是这家商店，实际签收的则是其获授权的工作人员。The person or company designated to receive the goods, often shown as Consignee or Ship To. For a store delivery, the store may be the consignee while an authorized worker signs for receipt.

也叫：Also: 收货方

为客户组织货物运输的服务商。日常说“货代”可能指国际运输安排；在 FMCSA 的公路货运分类中，Freight Forwarder 会组织集货、分拨，并承担运输责任，不只是像经纪那样联系车队。它不一定拥有自己的卡车。A business organizing freight transportation. Everyday use may refer to international forwarding. In FMCSA’s motor-freight classification, a freight forwarder consolidates and distributes shipments and assumes transportation responsibility, rather than only arranging a carrier as a broker does. It need not own trucks.

也叫：Also: 国际货代

替货主外包整段或多段物流的服务商，业务范围比经纪/货代更广，常含仓储、库存管理、配送。An outsourced logistics provider that handles part or all of a shipper's supply chain — usually broader than a broker, often including warehousing and distribution.

协调司机工作的人员：传达提送货地点和时间、跟进进度、处理安排变化；有些调度也负责找货、谈价。可以是车队内部人员，也可以是外部服务商。A person coordinating drivers’ work: communicating pickup and delivery details, tracking progress, and handling changes. Some also find loads and negotiate rates. Dispatchers may work inside a carrier or provide an outside service.

用外部调度时，写清收费方式和代签运价确认书的权限。是否需要经纪资质，要看其实际做什么，不能只看“调度”这个名称。For an outside service, agree on fees and authority to sign rate confirmations. Whether broker authority is needed depends on the actual activities, not the “dispatcher” label.

也叫：Also: 派车员

雇员是受雇为公司工作的人；独立承包人以独立经营者身份承接业务。工资代扣税、保险和劳动权益会受分类影响，但拿 W-2 还是 1099、合同怎么称呼你，都不能单独决定分类。An employee works in an employment relationship; an independent contractor provides services as an independent business. Classification affects withholding, insurance, and labor rights, but a W-2, a 1099, or a contract label does not by itself determine status.

在加州，要按适用的 ABC 测试或其他法定标准看实际工作关系，不能只凭“自己有车”就认定是独立承包人。In California, the applicable ABC test or other legal standard examines the actual working relationship. Owning a truck alone does not establish independent-contractor status.

也叫：Also: W-2 · 1099 · IC · W2 · 1099 driver

一次完整的运输任务，包含取货点、送货点、货物、约定运价等。”一票 load”就是一次跑车任务。One complete shipment assignment — pickup, delivery, cargo, agreed rate. "A load" = one job.

也叫：Also: 一票货 · 运单 / 货 · 货单 · 运单

确认某一票运输的运价和安排的文件，常简称 rate con。通常会写提送货地点、时间、运费等；附加费和付款条件也可能在另行签订的合同里。A document confirming the rate and arrangements for a specific load, often called a rate con. It commonly lists pickup, delivery, timing, and freight charges; accessorial and payment terms may also appear in a separate agreement.

接货前把运价确认书与相关合同一起看，确认等待、取消、过夜和装卸费怎么算。临时变化及时取得书面确认，并保留记录。Read the rate con with the applicable agreement. Confirm waiting, cancellation, layover, and loading charges, and keep written confirmation of changes.

也叫：Also: 运价单 · rate con · rateconf

常见运输单据，记录发货方、收货方、起讫地点、件数、货物描述，以及适用的重量或体积等信息。它帮助各方核对收到和运输的货物；具体条款与签收要求应结合实际单据和运输安排阅读。A common shipping document recording the consignor, consignee, origin, destination, package count, freight description, and applicable weight or volume. It helps parties identify freight received for transportation; read the actual document and shipping arrangement for its terms and signature requirements.

装货时核对单据与实际件数和可见货况。不一致时，先与现场人员和车队确认，并按要求记录差异、保留凭据。At pickup, compare the document with the package count and visible condition. If they differ, clarify with site personnel and the carrier, record the discrepancy as required, and keep the evidence.

也叫：Also: B/L

证明货物已交付的记录，可以是签收后的提单，也可以是其他纸质或电子交付凭证。它记录收货情况，常用于后续请款；有 POD 不代表运费已经到账。A record showing delivery, such as a signed bill of lading or another paper or electronic delivery receipt. It records receipt of the freight and is often used for billing; having a POD does not mean the freight bill has been paid.

也叫：Also: 回单

没有载货时行驶的路段，例如卸货后开去下一处提货点。可能拉着空挂车，也可能只有车头；有没有空驶补偿，要看约定。A leg driven without freight, such as traveling from delivery to the next pickup. It may involve an empty trailer or a tractor alone; compensation for empty miles depends on the agreement.

估算一趟运输是否划算时，把去提货和必要返程的空驶里程也算进去；这些路仍会耗油、耗时间。Include pickup and necessary return deadhead when estimating a trip: those miles still use fuel and time.

也叫：Also: 空跑

公路货运中常指司机或车辆在装卸点等待产生的费用。免费等待时间、计费条件、金额和支付方依适用约定核对；海运用语中也可能指集装箱等设备的使用，需看上下文。In road freight, a charge associated with driver or vehicle waiting at pickup or delivery. Free time, billing conditions, rates, and responsibility depend on applicable terms. In ocean shipping the word can refer to equipment use, so context matters.

也叫：Also: 等货费 · 压车费 · detention time · wait time

运输被延后到下一天等较长等待，行业中也用这个词指相应的延误费用。并不是只要在外过夜就有钱拿；何时开始算、金额和支付方，要看适用约定。An extended delay, such as a load being pushed to the next day, and the related charge. Spending a night away does not automatically earn a layover payment; the trigger, amount, and payer depend on applicable terms.

也叫：Also: 过夜补偿

基本运输费（line-haul）之外，因额外服务或情况产生的费用。例如等待费 detention、长时间延误费 layover、装卸工费 lumper，以及盖篷布 tarp、使用升降尾板 liftgate 的费用。是否另收、怎么收，要看约定。Charges beyond the base line-haul transportation price for extra services or circumstances, such as detention, layover, loading labor, tarping, or liftgate use. Check which items are separately billable and their agreed terms.

也叫：Also: 杂费

在仓库或配送中心，第三方装卸人员提供服务的费用。有的由经纪或车队安排付款，有的需要司机按授权先付；不要一看到 lumper 就默认由自己掏钱。A charge for third-party loading or unloading labor at a warehouse or distribution center. A broker or carrier may arrange payment, or a driver may pay with authorization; the word alone does not mean the driver must fund it.

付款前确认金额、授权人和付款方式，保留收据及相关确认记录，便于核对结算或报销。Confirm the amount, authorization, and payment method before paying. Keep the receipt and approval record for settlement or reimbursement.

Truck Order Not Used 的缩写：车已经安排好，但这次运输被取消或最终没有用上车辆时，可能产生的取消费用。是否必须已出发或到场、取消多晚才收费、收多少，都要看约定。Short for Truck Order Not Used: a possible cancellation charge when a truck has been arranged but the shipment does not use it. Terms determine whether dispatch or arrival is required, the cancellation cutoff, and the amount.

也叫：Also: truck order not used · truck order not used

为减少空驶，在送达目的地后就近接一票往家方向（或下一票出发方向）的货。A load picked up after delivery to head back toward your origin (or next pickup), reducing deadhead.

也叫：Also: 返程货

到场后放下一辆挂车，再接上另一辆挂车，尽量减少现场等装卸的时间。放下和接走的都可能是空挂或重挂；并不只指“放重挂、接空挂”。Dropping one trailer and hooking to another to reduce live loading or unloading time. Either trailer may be loaded or empty; it is not limited to dropping a loaded trailer and collecting an empty one.

也叫：Also: 甩柜

LTL（Less Than Truckload，零担）通常让不同客户的货共用车厢；FTL（Full Truckload，整车）通常为一票运输预留整辆车的运力，不必把车厢塞满。报价还会看路线、货物、设备和服务要求。LTL (Less Than Truckload) generally shares trailer space among shipments. FTL (Full Truckload) generally reserves a truck’s capacity for one shipment; the trailer need not be physically full. Pricing also depends on the lane, freight, equipment, and service.

也叫：Also: less than truckload · full truckload

把集装箱在港口、铁路场站、堆场、客户仓库之间短距离拖运的业务。Short-distance container transportation between ports, rail terminals, depots, and customer warehouses.

也叫：Also: 港口短驳 · port drayage

公路运输时承托集装箱的带轮底架，与装货的集装箱本身不同。底盘可能自有或通过其他安排取得，提还地点和使用要求需要单独确认。The wheeled frame supporting a container for road transport, separate from the container itself. It may be owned or supplied under another arrangement; confirm its pickup, return, and use requirements.

提用前按要求检查车况，记录发现的问题，并按车队和设备使用流程及时报告、处理。Inspect as required before use, record concerns, and report and address them through the carrier and equipment-use procedures.

也叫：Also: 拖架

标准化的金属箱，常见尺寸 20'、40'、40'HC、45'。海运 + 拖柜的核心载体。Standardized steel box — common sizes 20', 40', 40' HC, 45'. The basic unit of ocean + drayage freight.

也叫：Also: 柜 · 海运箱 · box · can

海运场景中，集装箱或货物在码头超过免费停放时间后，可能产生的费用。进口提柜时常遇到；先看免费期、计费天数和实际账单，不能只凭这个词判断司机本人要付钱。In ocean shipping, a possible charge when a container or cargo remains at a terminal beyond allowed free time. It is common in import pickup workflows. Check free time, billed days, and the actual invoice; the term alone does not make the driver the payer.

可先记成“港内停放”与“提走后使用设备”的区别，再查账单对应的费用。Per diem 是“按日”，可能用于不同设备，不能只靠名称判断。Start by distinguishing terminal storage from equipment use after pickup, then read the bill. Per diem means “per day” and can refer to different equipment.

字面意思是“按日”。港口场景常指集装箱或底盘等设备的按日使用费，具体是否超过免费期、按哪段时间收费，要看实际账单和约定。不要仅凭这个词判断一定是柜还是底盘。Literally “per day.” In port workflows it commonly labels daily equipment-use charges for containers or chassis. Read the bill and terms to identify the equipment, free time, and charging period; the term alone does not identify which equipment is involved.

也叫：Also: detention (container)

货物装卸、交接的具体场站。拖柜时通常指港口内的某个集装箱码头；在铁路或其他货运场景，也可能指铁路场站或货运站。只知道港口名称还不够，还要确认具体 terminal。A facility where freight is loaded, unloaded, or transferred. In drayage it usually means a particular container terminal within a port; in other contexts it may be a rail or freight terminal. Knowing the port name alone is not enough to identify the facility.

也叫：Also: 港口码头

预约提柜、还柜等操作的到场时段的系统。不同码头可能使用不同平台、开放时段和接收条件。预约成功只表示订到了时段，不代表柜子已放行、费用已处理或一定能提走。A system for booking a terminal visit for pickup, return, or another transaction. Platforms, time windows, and receiving conditions vary. A confirmed appointment does not by itself mean the container is released, charges are settled, or pickup can proceed.

也叫：Also: 港口预约

一次进码头，完成“送进去一个箱，再带出来一个箱”。例如还空箱后提进口重箱，也可能是送出口重箱后提空箱；是否能一起做，要符合码头当时的接收和预约条件。Delivering one container and collecting another during a single terminal visit. Examples include returning an empty then collecting an import, or dropping an export then taking an empty. Both moves must meet the terminal’s current receiving and appointment conditions.

也叫：Also: 双向 · dual move

洛杉矶和长滩港相关码头运营商成立的非营利机构，负责 OffPeak 等项目。单据里出现的 PierPASS/TMF，通常涉及支持延长码头作业时段的交通缓解费；它不是你的提还柜预约。A nonprofit established by marine terminal operators at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, responsible for programs including OffPeak. PierPASS/TMF on documents generally refers to the traffic mitigation fee supporting extended terminal shifts; it is not a truck appointment.

费率、收费时段和豁免以当前 PierPASS 公告及具体货物安排为准，不靠旧经验判断某个班次一定免费。Check current PierPASS notices and the shipment’s arrangements for rates, charge periods, and exemptions; do not assume a shift is free based on past practice.

也叫：Also: 港口班次费 · PierPass 班次系统

TSA 签发的运输工作者身份凭证，用于受相关海事安保规则约束的设施或船舶安全区域的无陪同进入等用途。它不代替码头预约或场站另行要求的准入手续。A TSA-issued Transportation Worker Identification Credential used for unescorted access to secure areas of facilities or vessels covered by maritime-security rules, among other required uses. It does not replace a terminal appointment or other access procedures.

也叫：Also: 港口卡 · Transportation Worker Identification Credential

牵引车不挂任何挂车单独行驶的状态。bobtail 时操控比挂车时更难，刹车距离反而可能变长。Driving the tractor with no trailer attached. Bobtailing handles differently — braking can actually be worse than with a trailer.

也叫：Also: 光头 · 无挂

联邦车辆分级中最高一档，GVWR > 33,000 磅。我们做的就是 Class 8 这一行。The heaviest federal vehicle class, GVWR > 33,000 lbs. This is the segment our association serves.

也叫：Also: 重卡 · 大卡车 · heavy-duty truck

拉挂车的动力部分，带发动机和驾驶室。常见品牌：Freightliner、Kenworth、Peterbilt、Volvo、Mack、International。The powered front unit that pulls the trailer — engine + cab. Common brands: Freightliner, Kenworth, Peterbilt, Volvo, Mack, International.

也叫：Also: 车头 · power unit

无动力的载货部分，靠 tractor 牵引。按用途分 dry van、reefer、flatbed、tanker 等。The unpowered cargo unit towed by the tractor. Types include dry van, reefer, flatbed, tanker, etc.

带温控设备的挂车，用于需要指定温度条件的货物，如食品或药品。不同设备可以制冷，有些也能加热；设定温度、运行模式和供能方式要按货物要求及设备说明确认。A temperature-controlled trailer for freight such as food or pharmaceuticals. Equipment may cool and, on some units, heat. Confirm the setpoint, operating mode, and power arrangements using the shipment instructions and equipment manual.

也叫：Also: 冷链车 · refrigerated trailer

最常见的封闭厢式挂车，运常温干货（电商包裹、零售商品、纸箱等）。The most common enclosed trailer — for dry, room-temperature freight (e-commerce, retail, boxed goods).

无车厢、平板式挂车，运超大件、建材、钢材等。要求司机熟悉绑扎（securement）规范。An open flat platform trailer for oversized loads, building materials, steel, etc. Requires strong cargo securement skills.

前后相邻的一组双轴，可以出现在牵引车上，也可以出现在挂车上。带滑动机构的挂车双轴组可按要求前后调整，以改变各轴承重；不是所有 tandem 都能滑动。A group of two closely spaced axles, found on tractors as well as trailers. A trailer tandem equipped with a sliding mechanism can be repositioned as permitted to change axle-load distribution; not every tandem slides.

也叫：Also: 后双桥

牵引车后部的圆盘锁扣装置，与挂车的 kingpin 连接。The disk-shaped coupling on the tractor that locks onto the trailer's kingpin.

挂车前部的金属销，插入 tractor 的 fifth wheel 完成连接。The metal pin on the front of the trailer that locks into the tractor's fifth wheel.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating：厂家为单辆车规定的满载总重上限，包含车本身、人员、燃油和货物。它不是这次过磅的实际重量，也不是“还能装多少货”；道路限重、轴重和整车组合要求还要分别核对。Gross Vehicle Weight Rating: the manufacturer’s loaded-weight rating for a single vehicle, including the vehicle, people, fuel, and cargo. It is not the current scale weight or cargo capacity. Road, axle, and combination-weight limits must be checked separately.

也叫：Also: 满载额定重 · Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

Diesel Particulate Filter：过滤柴油尾气中颗粒物的装置。“再生”（regen）主要烧掉积累的烟灰；不能烧掉的积灰仍可能需要按厂家要求清洗。堵塞或故障可能导致动力受限。Diesel Particulate Filter: a device trapping particles in diesel exhaust. Regeneration burns off accumulated soot; remaining ash may require cleaning according to the manufacturer. Restriction or faults can reduce available engine power.

按仪表提示和对应车型手册处理。停车再生会产生高温，不要把通用词条当作操作步骤，也不要自行套用固定时间表。Follow the dashboard instructions and the applicable vehicle manual. Parked regeneration creates high temperatures; this definition is not an operating procedure or a universal schedule.

也叫：Also: Diesel Particulate Filter

Diesel Exhaust Fluid：尾气处理用的尿素溶液，供 SCR 系统减少氮氧化物排放，加入专用 DEF 箱，不是柴油添加剂。液位过低、液质或系统故障可能触发警报及动力/速度限制，具体反应取决于车型和软件。Diesel Exhaust Fluid: a urea solution used by the SCR exhaust-treatment system to reduce nitrogen oxides. It goes in a dedicated DEF tank, not in diesel fuel. Low level, quality issues, or system faults can trigger warnings and power or speed limits depending on the vehicle and software.

也叫：Also: 车用尿素 · Diesel Exhaust Fluid · AdBlue

Auxiliary Power Unit：停车时给驾驶室空调、暖气或电器供能的辅助装置，可减少主发动机怠速。可能使用柴油机或电池；装了 APU 不等于自动满足加州规定，设备排放要求和使用限制仍要核对。Auxiliary Power Unit: equipment supplying cab climate control or electrical power while parked, reducing main-engine idling. It may use diesel or batteries. Having an APU does not automatically satisfy California requirements; equipment emissions and operating restrictions still apply.

也叫：Also: Auxiliary Power Unit

FMCSA 用来识别运营主体并关联安全记录的编号。是否需要申请，要按车辆和运营情况核对联邦及适用州的要求；有 USDOT 号本身不证明具备某项业务的经营资质。An FMCSA identifier used to associate an entity with safety records. Whether one is required depends on the vehicle and operation under federal and applicable state rules. A USDOT number alone does not establish operating authority for a particular service.

MC 号是常见于 FMCSA 经营资质档案的编号。是否需要经营资质、需要哪种类型，取决于业务角色与运输内容。核对时还要看法定实体、资质类型及当前状态，不能只看有没有一串号码。An MC number is a familiar identifier in FMCSA operating-authority records. The need for authority and its type depend on the business role and operation. Check the legal entity, authority type, and current status rather than relying on the presence of a number.

也叫：Also: MC 牌照 · Authority · operating authority

美国联邦运输部下属机构，主管商用卡车与客车的安全监管，制定 FMCSR（49 CFR Part 350–399）。The federal agency under DOT that regulates commercial truck/bus safety and writes the FMCSR (49 CFR Part 350–399).

由州签发、用于驾驶达到 CDL 门槛的商用机动车的驾照。联邦分类按车辆额定重量与实际重量的较高者判断：Class A 是总组合重量达到 26,001 磅，且被牵引单元超过 10,000 磅的组合；Class B 是达到 26,001 磅的单车，或该车牵引不超过 10,000 磅的车辆；Class C 是不属于 A/B、但设计载客 16 人以上（含司机）或运输须挂牌危险品等规定车辆。附加签注和限制也要另行核对。A state-issued license for operating vehicles that meet CDL thresholds. Federal classes use the weight rating or actual weight, whichever is greater: Class A covers a combination of 26,001 pounds or more with a towed unit over 10,000 pounds; Class B covers a single vehicle of 26,001 pounds or more, or such a vehicle towing 10,000 pounds or less; Class C covers a vehicle outside A/B designed to carry 16 or more people including the driver, or that transports placarded hazardous materials or specified agents. Endorsements and restrictions must also be checked.

也叫：Also: 商业驾照 · Commercial Driver's License

州政府在联邦规则允许的特定情形下，向住所不在签发州的合格申请人签发的 CLP 或 CDL。“Non-domiciled”描述的是住所与签发辖区的关系，并不等同于所有非公民或非永久居民。A CLP or CDL issued by a State, in a situation allowed by federal rules, to an otherwise eligible applicant whose domicile is outside the issuing State. “Non-domiciled” describes the relationship between domicile and the issuing jurisdiction; it is not a label for every noncitizen or non-permanent resident.

按 2026 年 3 月 16 日生效的联邦规则，住所位于外国的申请人通常须证明符合 H-2A、H-2B 或 E-2 身份；证件有效期不得超过经核验的获准停留期限或一年，以较短者为准。申请、续期或转州前，应核对 FMCSA 最新规则及签发州是否已恢复并符合签发要求。Under the federal rule effective March 16, 2026, foreign-domiciled applicants generally must show eligible H-2A, H-2B, or E-2 status. The credential may not outlast the verified authorized stay or one year, whichever is shorter. Before applying, renewing, or transferring, check the current FMCSA rule and whether the issuing State is authorized and ready to issue it.

也叫：Also: 非永居 CDL

记录司机值勤状态的电子设备。联邦规则通常要求需要保留值勤状态记录（RODS）的司机使用 ELD，但存在适用例外。An electronic device used to record driver duty status. Federal rules generally require ELDs for drivers who must keep records of duty status (RODS), subject to exceptions.

ELD 是记录工具，HOS 是时间规则；使用 ELD 本身并不代表已符合 HOS。ELD is the recording tool; HOS is the set of time limits. Using an ELD does not by itself establish HOS compliance.

也叫：Also: Electronic Logging Device

联邦对商业司机驾驶时间、值勤时间和休息的规则（49 CFR Part 395）。一般货运规则下，连续休息 10 小时后最多驾驶 11 小时，且受上岗后 14 小时驾驶窗口约束。Federal rules governing commercial drivers’ driving, duty time, and rest (49 CFR Part 395). Under the general property-carrier rules, 10 consecutive hours off duty permit up to 11 hours of driving within a 14-hour window after coming on duty.

11 小时不是可以连续驾驶 11 小时；14 小时也不是所有工作的统一上限。还须核对休息间隔、周累计限制及适用例外。The 11-hour limit does not authorize 11 uninterrupted driving hours; the 14-hour window is not a blanket limit on all work. Break requirements, weekly limits, and applicable exceptions also matter.

也叫：Also: 驾驶时长法规

记录司机当日各时段状态（驾驶/值勤/休息/睡铺）的日志，今日多由 ELD 电子记录。The record of a driver's daily status segments (driving/on-duty/off/sleeper) — now mostly maintained by an ELD.

这里记录的是值勤状态；ELD 是一种记录工具。不要把“记录完整”与“驾驶时间合规”混为一谈。The log records duty status; an ELD is a recording tool. Complete records and compliance with driving limits are different checks.

司机车辆检查报告，用于记录发现或获知的、可能影响安全或导致机械故障的车辆缺陷。它与驾驶前确认车辆可安全运行的检查是不同事项。A Driver Vehicle Inspection Report records vehicle defects discovered by or reported to the driver that could affect safety or cause a breakdown. It is distinct from the pre-trip check that the vehicle is safe to operate.

联邦一般规则下，无缺陷不要求填写 DVIR，并另有适用例外；这不等于可以省略驾驶前检查。州规定和承运人要求仍需分别核对。Under the general federal rule, no DVIR is required when no defect is found or reported; other exceptions also apply. This does not remove pre-trip inspection duties. Check state and carrier requirements separately.

也叫：Also: Driver Vehicle Inspection Report

对受 49 CFR Part 391 约束的司机，承运人保存的司机资质档案。按司机情况，档案可包括求职申请、驾驶记录（MVR）、路考或等效证明、年度驾驶记录审查，以及体检资格或豁免资料。The qualification file a motor carrier keeps for a driver subject to 49 CFR Part 391. Depending on the driver, it can include the employment application, motor vehicle records, a road-test certificate or accepted equivalent, annual driving-record review, and medical-qualification or variance records.

不要套用一个固定的“11 项”清单。Clearinghouse 的雇前和年度查询也可能与司机档案一起管理，但它们是 49 CFR Part 382 下的独立义务。Do not rely on a universal “11-item” checklist. Clearinghouse pre-employment and annual query records may be managed with driver files, but the query duties are separate requirements under 49 CFR Part 382.

也叫：Also: Driver Qualification File

FMCSA 注册体检医生签发的 Medical Examiner’s Certificate（MEC），用来证明受规则约束的司机符合联邦身体资格要求。它通常适用于从事非豁免跨州运输的商用车司机：不是每个 CDL 持有人都需要，有些不需要 CDL 的商用车司机反而也需要；只在州内运营还要看州规则。The Medical Examiner’s Certificate (MEC) issued by an FMCSA-listed medical examiner to show that a covered driver meets the federal physical-qualification standards. It generally applies to non-excepted interstate CMV drivers: not every CDL holder needs one, and some covered CMV drivers who do not need a CDL still do. Intrastate rules depend on the State.

联邦 MEC 最长可签两年，体检医生可按健康情况签发更短期限。是否需要和如何向州驾照机构备案，应按司机自我申报的运营类别核对。A federal MEC may be issued for no more than two years, and the examiner may set a shorter period. Need and filing steps depend on the driver’s self-certified operating category.

也叫：Also: 医疗卡 · Med Card · MEC

合格车辆在两个或以上 IFTA 成员州/省运营时使用的燃油使用税申报制度。承运人向基准辖区提交一份季度申报，按各辖区行驶里程和燃油使用/购入情况结算应缴税或抵扣。A fuel-use tax reporting system for qualified vehicles operating in two or more IFTA member States or Provinces. The carrier files one quarterly return with its base jurisdiction, using distance traveled and fuel used or purchased in each jurisdiction to settle tax or credits.

IFTA 处理燃油使用税，不是车辆牌照；车辆是否达到合格车辆门槛、是否可改用单次行程许可，要按基准辖区规则核对。IFTA covers fuel-use tax, not vehicle registration. Check the base jurisdiction’s qualified-vehicle thresholds and whether a trip permit is available for occasional travel.

也叫：Also: International Fuel Tax Agreement

车队在两个以上 IRP 成员州或省运营、车辆符合 IRP 条件时使用的跨辖区牌照制度。车队向主要运营并保存记录的基准辖区申请；该辖区发放一套分摊牌照和随车注册卡（cab card），再按车辆在各地的行驶距离分配注册费。加州基准车队由 California DMV 办理。A cross-jurisdiction registration program used when a fleet operates qualifying vehicles in two or more IRP member States or Provinces. The fleet applies through the base jurisdiction where it has an established operation and keeps records; that jurisdiction issues one apportioned plate and cab card and allocates fees using distance by jurisdiction. California-based fleets file with the California DMV.

IRP 是车辆注册安排，不替代 USDOT/经营资质、UCR 或 IFTA。仅在加州运营的车辆不符合 IRP 注册条件。IRP is vehicle registration; it does not replace USDOT or operating authority, UCR, or IFTA. A vehicle operating only in California does not qualify for IRP registration.

也叫：Also: apportioned plate · International Registration Plan

适用的州际或国际承运人、私人承运人、货代、经纪和租赁公司每年办理的统一注册及费用。承运人和运营商用车的货代通常按商用车数量分档；不运营商用车的经纪、租赁公司和货代缴最低档。An annual registration and fee for covered interstate or international motor carriers, private carriers, freight forwarders, brokers, and leasing companies. Motor carriers and freight forwarders that operate commercial vehicles generally pay by fleet-size bracket; brokers, leasing companies, and freight forwarders with no commercial vehicles pay the lowest bracket.

UCR 没有要求随车携带或展示一张 UCR 证件；是否适用要看业务角色和州际/国际运输关系。UCR does not require a credential to be carried in or displayed on the vehicle. Applicability depends on the entity’s role and its interstate or international commerce.

也叫：Also: Unified Carrier Registration

FMCSA 的数据复核系统，司机、承运人及其代表可请求并跟踪对 FMCSA 所存联邦或州路检、违规和事故数据中不完整或错误信息的审查。FMCSA’s data-review system, where drivers, motor carriers, and their representatives can request and track review of incomplete or incorrect Federal or State inspection, violation, and crash data stored by FMCSA.

FMCSA 事故记录表示车辆涉及事故，本身不等于认定责任。只有符合 Crash Preventability Determination Program 条件的事故，才可通过 DataQs 提交可预防性复核；普通 DataQs 请求也不替代对罚单的州级司法或行政程序。An FMCSA crash record shows involvement, not a finding of fault. Preventability review through DataQs is limited to crashes eligible for the Crash Preventability Determination Program, and a regular DataQs request does not replace State judicial or administrative procedures for contesting a citation.

FMCSA 的 Safety Measurement System（SMS）把承运人的路检、州报事故和调查数据分成七类安全问题。数据足够时，系统先算该承运人在每一类的表现值，再与安全事件数量相近的承运人比较，得到 0–100 的相对排名，用来安排监管干预优先级；它不是一个统一的“CSA 总分”。FMCSA’s Safety Measurement System (SMS) groups carrier roadside-inspection, State-reported crash, and investigation data into seven safety categories. Where enough data exist, it calculates performance in each category and then a 0–100 percentile relative to carriers with a similar number of safety events, to prioritize interventions. It is not one overall “CSA score.”

相对排名越接近 100，表示在同组内表现越差；没有足够数据时不会形成该类排名。这个排名用于筛选监管对象，不是 FMCSA 对承运人作出的正式安全合格评级。事故数据先记录涉事，并不自动表示承运人有过错。A percentile closer to 100 indicates worse relative performance within the comparison group; no percentile is assigned without sufficient data. It helps prioritize oversight and is not FMCSA’s formal safety fitness rating. Crash data record involvement and do not automatically assign fault to the carrier.

也叫：Also: Compliance, Safety, Accountability

停止运行命令，可以针对司机或车辆。在满足命令和适用规则规定的恢复条件前，不得继续相应驾驶或车辆运行。An order restricting a driver or vehicle from operation until the conditions required by the order and applicable rules are met.

车辆缺陷可能需要维修，司机的时间违规可能需要休息；OOS 不只是“扣车”，也不等于每次路检罚单。A vehicle defect may require repair, while a driver’s hours violation may require rest. OOS is not simply vehicle impoundment, and not every roadside citation is an OOS order.

也叫：Also: 路检扣车

FMCSA 集中记录受联邦毒品酒精项目约束的 CDL/CLP 司机违规及 return-to-duty 状态的数据库。雇主用查询确认现任或拟雇司机是否因尚未解决的违规而不得从事驾驶等安全敏感工作。FMCSA’s central database of drug-and-alcohol program violations and return-to-duty status for CDL/CLP drivers subject to the federal program. Employers query it to determine whether a current or prospective driver is prohibited from safety-sensitive work because of an unresolved violation.

雇主须在司机首次从事安全敏感工作前完成 full query，并至少每年查询现任司机；查询类型不同，司机同意方式也不同。Clearinghouse 查询不能替代雇主其他检测和记录义务。An employer must complete a full query before the driver first performs safety-sensitive work and query each current driver at least annually. Consent differs by query type, and a Clearinghouse query does not replace the employer’s other testing and recordkeeping duties.

也叫：Also: FMCSA Clearinghouse

加州主管空气污染与车辆排放的州级机构，对卡车排放/电动化政策影响巨大（如 Clean Truck Check、ACF）。California's state agency for air quality and vehicle emissions. Major impact on truck rules including Clean Truck Check and ACF.

也叫：Also: California Air Resources Board

CARB 针对适用重型车辆的排放合规项目，包括年度合规费和按车辆情况安排的排放检测；检测方式不只有 OBD。CARB’s emissions compliance program for covered heavy-duty vehicles, including an annual compliance fee and vehicle-specific testing requirements. Testing is not limited to OBD.

年度缴费与检测周期不同；车辆适用条件、检测方式及实际截止日应分别核对 CARB 和 CTC-VIS。An annual fee does not imply annual testing. Check CARB and CTC-VIS for applicability, test method, and actual deadlines.

也叫：Also: 加州重型车排放检测 · Heavy-Duty Inspection and Maintenance

车辆自带、监测排放和动力系统并保存诊断故障码的电子诊断系统。对适用且配备 OBD 的车辆，Clean Truck Check 可通过认证设备读取并提交 OBD 排放数据；不适用 OBD 的车辆按其他检测程序办理。The vehicle’s onboard electronic diagnostic system, which monitors emissions and powertrain systems and stores diagnostic trouble codes. For covered OBD-equipped vehicles, Clean Truck Check can use a certified device to read and submit OBD emissions data; vehicles not tested through OBD follow other test procedures.

OBD 故障码是诊断线索，不等于已经确定故障原因；CTC 适用条件和检测方式应按车辆信息在 CARB/CTC-VIS 核对。An OBD trouble code is a diagnostic clue, not a final diagnosis. Confirm Clean Truck Check applicability and test method from the vehicle record in CARB/CTC-VIS.

也叫：Also: On-Board Diagnostics

Motor Carrier Identification Report，主要用于更新既有 USDOT 号对应的企业/运营资料，包括完成两年一次的资料更新；首次申请 USDOT 号应使用 FMCSA 当前的新注册系统。The Motor Carrier Identification Report, used mainly to update the company and operating information tied to an existing USDOT number, including the biennial update. First-time USDOT applicants use FMCSA’s current new-registration system.

即使资料没有变化，两年一次的更新要求通常仍存在；企业名称、地址等变化也应及时更新。FMCSA 在 2026 年注册系统过渡期间另有临时执行安排，实际提交前应查最新通知。The biennial update is generally required even when nothing changed, and legal name, address, or other record changes should be updated promptly. FMCSA has temporary enforcement arrangements during its 2026 registration-system transition, so check the current notice before filing.

加州判断劳动者是雇员还是独立承包人的法律框架之一。许多情形从“劳动者是雇员”的推定出发，由用工方证明 ABC 三项条件；法定职业或业务关系例外可能改用 Borello 等其他标准。One part of California’s framework for deciding whether a worker is an employee or an independent contractor. In many situations, the worker is presumed to be an employee and the hiring entity must prove all three parts of the ABC test; statutory occupation or business-relationship exceptions may use the Borello or another standard instead.

自带卡车、收到 1099，或合同写着 independent contractor/owner-operator，都不能单独决定分类；要看实际工作关系和适用的法定标准。Owning the truck, receiving a Form 1099, or signing an independent-contractor or owner-operator agreement does not by itself decide classification. The actual working relationship and the applicable legal test control.

California Highway Patrol（CHP）向在加州公路上商业运营机动车的 motor carrier 签发的承运人识别号。它识别运营主体，不是某一辆车的注册号，也不等同于经营许可。A carrier identification number issued by the California Highway Patrol (CHP) to a motor carrier operating motor vehicles commercially on California highways. It identifies the operating entity; it is not a particular vehicle’s registration number or operating authority.

许多财产承运人须先取得 CA number，再另向 California DMV 申请 Motor Carrier Permit（MCP）。是否需要、号码如何展示，取决于业务和车辆，应分别核对 CHP 与 DMV 要求。Many property carriers must obtain a CA number and then separately apply to the California DMV for a Motor Carrier Permit (MCP). Need and display rules depend on the operation and vehicle, so check CHP and DMV requirements separately.

有资质的执法检查人员在路边或检查站开展的商用车合规检查。检查范围依类型而异，可涉及司机、文件及车辆状况。A commercial-vehicle compliance inspection conducted by authorized enforcement personnel at roadside or an inspection facility. Its scope varies and may cover the driver, documents, and vehicle condition.

路检、车辆定期检查和司机驾驶前检查是不同事项，不能仅凭做过其中一项就认定其他要求也已满足。Roadside inspections, periodic vehicle inspections, and driver pre-trip checks serve different purposes. Completing one does not automatically satisfy the others.

也叫：Also: 路检

主要讨论车辆运营中，对他人人身伤害或财产损害所承担的受保责任。它不自动保障自己的卡车或承运货物；保额、条件和适用的法定要求要分别核对。Coverage addressing insured liability for bodily injury or property damage to others arising from vehicle operations. It does not automatically cover the carrier’s own truck or cargo; check policy limits, conditions, and applicable legal requirements separately.

也叫：Also: 主责险 · Auto Liability

针对承运货物特定损失或损坏的保险。保哪些货、哪些损失原因、限额和免赔额都要看保单；客户提出的投保要求与联邦申报要求也不是一回事。Insurance for specified loss or damage to cargo being transported. Covered commodities, causes of loss, limits, and deductibles depend on the policy. Customer insurance requirements and federal filing requirements are separate questions.

也叫：Also: 货损险

针对保单所列卡车或挂车自身受保损失的保障。它回答“自己的车损坏怎么办”；承保原因、估值、免赔额和除外责任按保单核对，不代替货物险或第三方责任险。Coverage for insured physical loss or damage to listed trucks or trailers. It addresses damage to the vehicle itself. Covered causes, valuation, deductibles, and exclusions depend on the policy; it does not replace cargo or third-party liability coverage.

也叫：Also: 车体险

一些挂靠车队的车主司机会使用的非运营责任险名称，具体适用用途由保单决定。“没有挂车”“没有载货”和“私人用途”不是同一个条件，应请保险方结合实际用途核对保障。A liability-coverage label used in some leased owner-operator arrangements, with covered use defined by the policy. No trailer, no cargo, and personal use are different conditions; ask the insurer or producer to apply the policy to the actual use.

也叫：Also: bobtail 保险 · bobtail insurance

通常针对企业非汽车经营活动中的某些第三方人身伤害或财产损害责任。它与商业汽车责任险是不同保障，具体业务、限额和除外责任要看保单。Coverage typically addressing specified third-party bodily injury or property-damage liability from non-auto business operations. It is distinct from commercial auto liability; covered operations, limits, and exclusions depend on the policy.

在一笔受保损失中，按保单适用的自担金额。先确认损失是否受保，再看适用哪个免赔额及其他条款；不是损失超过这个数字就一定能获赔。The amount applied as the insured’s share of a covered loss under the policy. Establish whether the loss is covered, then check the applicable deductible and other terms; exceeding the deductible does not by itself establish coverage.

向客户或经纪展示签发时保险信息的摘要，通常由保险公司或保险代理出具。它不是保单，不能自行增加或保证保障；实际范围要看保单及批单（对保单的补充或修改）。A summary of insurance information as of issuance, usually prepared by an insurer or producer for a customer or broker. It is not the policy and does not add or guarantee coverage; the policy and endorsements govern the actual coverage.

FMCSA 的最低财务责任及保险申报要求会随主体、业务、车辆和货物类型而变化。先确认自己属于哪一类，再查当前官方表及适用法规，不能把某一个金额套给所有卡车。FMCSA financial-responsibility and insurance-filing requirements vary by entity, operation, vehicle, and cargo. Identify the applicable category, then consult the current official table and regulation rather than applying a single amount to every truck.

把可收取的运费账款转给保理公司，由它按合同先付一部分或全部款项，再向欠款方收款。这样能提前拿到钱，但会有费用；能先拿多少、何时到账、是否留保证款，都要看合同。Transferring freight receivables to a factoring company, which pays an agreed amount in advance and collects from the debtor. It can accelerate cash flow at a cost; advance amount, timing, and any reserve depend on the contract.

Recourse（有追索）通常意味着收不回款时，保理方可按合同向你追回垫款；Non-recourse（无追索）也要看它具体承担哪些不付款风险，不等于所有争议都不用你负责。Recourse generally allows the factor to recover an unpaid advance from you under the contract. For non-recourse, check exactly which non-payment risks are covered; the label does not eliminate every contractual responsibility.

经纪或其他付款方提供的提前付款选项，通常通过扣一笔费用或运费折扣换取更快付款。到账时间、收费和所需单据各有不同，不能只凭“快付”两个字判断。An early-payment option offered by a broker or other payer, usually for a fee or discount from the freight bill. Timing, cost, and required documents vary; “Quick Pay” alone does not state those terms.

确认什么时候开始计时、需要哪些完整单据，以及扣费后实收多少，再和正常账期比较。Confirm when the payment clock starts, which complete documents are required, and the net amount after fees, then compare with the standard terms.

付款账期写法。Net 30 通常指发票日起 30 天内付清，Net 60 则是 60 天；运输合同也可能约定收到完整单据后才开始计时。先看约定从哪一天算，不能直接按卸货那天往后数。Payment terms. Net 30 ordinarily means full payment within 30 days of the invoice date; Net 60 means 60 days. A transport agreement may instead start the clock when complete documents are received. Check the agreed starting date rather than simply counting from delivery.

基本运费之外，用来反映燃油成本变化的费用，常简称 FSC。有些约定参考 EIA 公布的柴油价格，但 EIA 不规定统一收费公式；先确认报价是否已含燃油费，避免重复相加。A charge reflecting changes in fuel costs, often called FSC. Some agreements use EIA diesel-price data, but EIA does not set a universal surcharge formula. Check whether a quoted rate already includes fuel before adding it again.

Rate per Mile：运费收入除以所采用的里程。要先问清是只算载货里程，还是把空驶也算上；“all-in”常表示报价包含燃油附加费等费用，并不自动说明里程含空驶。Rate per Mile: freight revenue divided by the mileage used. Check whether that means loaded miles or loaded plus empty miles. “All-in” commonly concerns included charges, such as fuel, and does not automatically specify that deadhead miles are included.

算术例子：收入 $1,200，载货 400 英里、另空驶 100 英里，只按载货算是 $3/英里；按全部 500 英里算是 $2.40/英里。Arithmetic example: $1,200 revenue over 400 loaded miles is $3/mile. Adding 100 empty miles makes it $2.40 per total mile.

Cost per Mile：选定期间的运营成本除以同一期间的总行驶里程。不要只算油钱，还要按实际情况计入维修、轮胎、保险、车辆成本等。司机工资里的 CPM 也可能指 cents per mile（每英里几美分），要看上下文。Cost per Mile: operating costs for a period divided by total miles for the same period. Include relevant costs beyond fuel, such as maintenance, tires, insurance, and vehicle costs. In driver-pay discussions, CPM may instead mean cents per mile; check the context.

与 RPM 比较时，先统一收入、成本和里程口径。没有算进去的固定支出或空驶，会让看起来的“利润”偏高。Compare with RPM only after aligning revenue, cost, and mileage definitions. Omitted fixed expenses or deadhead can overstate the apparent margin.

列出本期收入、扣款和应付净额的结算明细。在挂靠车队的例子中，可看到运费收入减去合同约定扣款后的数额。结算单显示应付多少，不等于钱已到账，也不等于扣完全部经营成本后的利润。A statement listing earnings, deductions, and the net amount payable for a period. In a leased owner-operator example, it shows revenue less contractual deductions. An amount shown as payable is not proof of bank payment or profit after all business expenses.

在车队租赁安排里，按约定暂时留存、用于指定事项的一笔钱，可能从结算中逐次扣存。先看收多少、能扣哪些项目、怎么对账和退还；它不等于车队可以随意扣掉的费用。In a carrier lease, money held under agreed terms for specified purposes, sometimes accumulated through settlement deductions. Check the required amount, permitted uses, accounting, and return conditions; it is not an unrestricted carrier charge.

适用 49 CFR 376.12(k) 的租赁有专门要求，包括账目、利息和返还条件；其中规定终止租赁后最迟 45 天返还，并对允许扣除的项目提供最终明细。Leases subject to 49 CFR 376.12(k) have accounting, interest, and return requirements. These include return no later than 45 days after termination, with a final accounting of permitted deductions.

IFTA 持证经营者向基准辖区按季汇总申报行驶里程和燃油资料，用来分配成员州、省的燃油税，并核算应补税或抵扣。不是每跨一个州就把同一笔税重新缴一遍；要保留里程和符合要求的购油凭据。An IFTA licensee’s quarterly filing to its base jurisdiction, reporting mileage and fuel data to allocate tax among member states and provinces and calculate tax due or credits. It is not simply paying the same tax again at each border; retain mileage and qualifying fuel-purchase records.

美国联邦重型公路车辆使用税，通常涉及在公共道路使用、应税总重达到 55,000 磅的车辆，通过 Form 2290 申报。“应税总重”按 IRS 规则计算，不是只看当天过磅数；符合低里程等条件的车辆可能申报暂缓缴税。A federal highway-use tax generally involving vehicles used on public roads with a taxable gross weight of at least 55,000 pounds, reported on Form 2290. Taxable gross weight follows IRS rules, not just a scale reading; qualifying low-mileage use may allow suspension of the tax.

盖章或电子水印的 Schedule 1 常用于车辆登记时证明已办理相关申报。它也可能记录暂缓纳税车辆，不能一概当作已缴税凭证；特殊情况和期限看 IRS 当前说明。A stamped or electronically watermarked Schedule 1 is commonly used for vehicle registration. It may list tax-suspended vehicles, so it is not always proof of tax payment; check current IRS instructions for deadlines and exceptions.

也叫：Also: 2290 · Heavy Vehicle Use Tax

在 load board / 现货市场上一票一议的运价，随市场短期供需波动。A per-load price negotiated in the spot market (load boards), moving with short-term supply/demand.

客户与承运人对某条线路或一段时期预先约定的运价。价格、有效期和调整方法按合同确定，燃油等费用可能另算；有合同运价不等于保证货量，也不表示它一定高于或低于当时的现货价。A rate agreed in advance for a lane or period. The contract sets pricing, duration, and adjustments; fuel may be separate. A contract rate does not by itself guarantee volume or ensure it is above or below the current spot rate.

在线现货货源平台，承运人付费订阅、按线路搜可拉的货。代表：DAT、Truckstop、123Loadboard。An online subscription marketplace where carriers search loads by lane. Examples: DAT, Truckstop, 123Loadboard.

也叫：Also: freight board

在某个时间、地点，能够接下指定货物的运输能力。除了有多少辆车，还要看挂车类型、司机可用时间等。运力相对需求紧张时，通常更难找车、运价可能上升；不是数全国卡车总量就能判断。The transport capacity available for particular freight at a place and time. Truck count, equipment type, and driver availability all matter. Tight capacity relative to demand can make trucks harder to secure and push rates up; the nationwide truck count alone is not enough.

经纪用来满足联邦财务担保要求的一种保证担保文件。要求额度为 $75,000；另一种形式是 BMC-85 信托。经纪未履行约定时，符合条件的发货方或承运人可按程序索赔，但不是每人都保证拿到 $75,000。A surety-bond filing used by brokers to meet federal financial-security requirements, with required security of $75,000. A BMC-85 trust is an alternative. Eligible shippers or carriers may submit claims for a broker’s failure to fulfill its arrangements; $75,000 is not a guaranteed payment to each claimant.

不要按“先到先得”理解赔付。应及时向担保方确认索赔材料和期限；涉及经纪财务失败时，有专门公告和申报程序。FMCSA 不代替担保方或法院裁决具体欠款争议。Do not assume first-come-first-served payment. Promptly confirm claim documents and deadlines with the provider; broker financial failure has specific notice and claim procedures. FMCSA does not adjudicate individual payment disputes.

安排适用货物运输的经纪在 FMCSA 登记的经营资质，与实际运货的承运人资质不同。相关资金担保和法律文书代理等要求也需按现行规则核对。FMCSA operating-authority registration for arranging covered transportation as a broker. It is distinct from motor-carrier authority; applicable financial-security and process-agent requirements also need to be met.

到了提货或送货地点，向门岗、收发货办公室或指定系统登记“我到了”，并核对这次任务。不是车开到附近就算报到，也不表示已经获准靠台装卸。Reporting arrival at pickup or delivery to the gate, shipping or receiving office, or designated system and confirming the job. Reaching the area is not necessarily check-in, and check-in does not by itself authorize docking.

按场站要求完成登记，留意报到时间。等待费怎么算，还要另看约定，不能只凭手机定位。Follow the facility’s check-in process and note the time. Detention eligibility follows the agreement, not location data alone.

也叫：Also: 签到 · 入场登记 · check in · driver check-in

仓库用来找到你要提的那票货的编号，常写作 Pickup # 或 Reference #。同一票运输可能还有订单号、提单号、预约号；它们不一定是同一个号码。A reference used by a pickup facility to identify the freight you are collecting, often labeled Pickup # or Reference #. A shipment may also have order, BOL, and appointment numbers; these are not necessarily interchangeable.

对方说号码不对时，先确认他要哪一种号，再找调度核对，不要随便换一个号码试。If a number is rejected, ask which type is required and check with dispatch rather than guessing another number.

也叫：Also: 提货号码 · 提货编码 · 参考编号 · pickup # · pick up number · reference # · PU number

仓库与挂车交接货物的位置，常有编号的门位。听到“Door 8”，通常是在指定装卸门，不是在说仓库大门；仍要核对现场指示。The place where a warehouse loads or unloads a trailer, often with numbered dock doors. “Door 8” usually identifies a loading position, not the facility entrance; confirm the site’s directions.

报到后等工作人员确认门位，并按现场安全流程靠台；不要只看到空门就自行倒进去。Confirm the assigned door after check-in and follow the site’s safe docking process; an empty door is not permission to back in.

也叫：Also: 装卸平台 · 月台 · 装卸口 · 门位 · dock · dock door · loading bay

放在货物下面、方便叉车或搬运设备整体移动的平台，常见木制或塑料制。一托盘可以放很多箱，所以“2 pallets”不等于“2 cartons（箱）”。Skid 也常用于类似底座，但结构可能不同。A platform beneath freight that lets handling equipment move a unit of cargo, commonly made of wood or plastic. Two pallets need not mean two cartons. “Skid” is also used for a freight base, though its construction can differ.

核对数量时，先看单子数的是托盘、箱还是件。托盘数对了，不代表里面的箱数也一定对。Check whether the document counts pallets, cartons, or individual pieces. A matching pallet count does not establish the carton count.

也叫：Also: 栈板 · 卡板 · pallets · skid

安装在货厢或集装箱门上的编号封识，用来帮助发现封条是否被破坏或更换。它不是固定货物的绑带，也不能单独证明箱内数量、货物状况或门从未打开。A numbered seal placed on trailer or container doors to help reveal tampering or replacement. It is not cargo securement and does not by itself prove the count or condition of the contents, or that the doors were never opened.

号码不符、缺失或破损时，先报告并记录；不要自行剪开、换一个后当作没发生过。检查封闭货物应按授权和适用要求处理。Report and record a missing, broken, or mismatched seal. Do not cut or replace it and treat it as unchanged; inspection of sealed freight follows authorization and applicable requirements.

也叫：Also: 封签 · 封条号 · seal number · security seal

车辆到场后，等仓库把货装进或卸出这辆挂车，完成后再走。与直接放下一辆挂车、接走另一辆的 Drop and Hook（甩挂） 不同。“Live”不是活体货物，也不表示一定要司机亲自搬货。The truck waits while its trailer is loaded or unloaded at the facility before leaving, rather than dropping one trailer and hooking to another. “Live” does not refer to live animals or automatically mean the driver must handle the freight.

接任务时确认是现场装卸还是甩挂，以及司机需要参与什么、预留多久；等待费另按约定核对。Confirm live loading versus a trailer swap, the driver’s expected involvement, and the time allowance. Waiting charges follow separate terms.

也叫：Also: 等装货 · 等卸货 · 现场装卸 · live loading · live unloading

根据当前进度估计什么时候能到。调度问“What is your ETA?”，是在问你预计几点到，不是在替你预约，也不表示你已经到场。An estimate of when you will arrive based on current progress. “What is your ETA?” asks for the expected arrival time; it does not book an appointment or establish that you have arrived.

说清地点、日期和当地时间；堵车、装货延误后及时更新，不为赶原来的估计时间勉强驾驶。Specify the place, date, and local time. Update the estimate after delays rather than driving unsafely to preserve it.

也叫：Also: 预计到场 · 预估到达时间 · estimated arrival

通常按完成报到的先后安排装卸，不为每辆车预留一个固定预约时段。但现场仍可能有接收时间、不同队列和其他条件，不代表随时到、马上就能装。Loading or unloading generally arranged in check-in order rather than a reserved appointment slot for each truck. Receiving hours, separate queues, and site conditions may still apply; it does not mean arrival at any time or immediate service.

先确认当天接收时间和报到地点。排队顺序与等待费是否成立是两件事，费用还要看约定。Confirm that day’s receiving hours and check-in location. Queue order and entitlement to detention pay are separate questions.

也叫：Also: 先到先装 · 先到先卸 · 按到场顺序 · first come first serve · first-come-first-served

交接货物时，用来归类“比单子多、比单子少、货有损坏”等异常。比如单子写 10 箱，实际只点到 9 箱，是短少；外箱压坏则要按观察到的情况记录。A group of freight discrepancies: more than documented, fewer than documented, or damaged goods. If the document says ten cartons and only nine are counted, that is a shortage. Describe visible damage as observed.

先核对、通知调度，并让交接记录反映实际情况。记下异常不等于已经认定谁负责，也不等于索赔一定成功。Check the discrepancy, notify dispatch, and ensure the handoff record reflects it. Recording an exception does not decide liability or guarantee a claim.

也叫：Also: 货差货损 · 短少破损 · 货物异常 · OSD · over short and damaged · overage · shortage · damage

收货方不接受全部或部分货物，可能涉及货物、单据、时间或其他争议。“拒收”是交货状态，不等于已经判定司机有错，也不表示货物可以自行丢弃。The receiver declines all or part of a shipment, potentially because of freight, paperwork, timing, or another dispute. Refusal describes the delivery outcome; it neither decides driver fault nor authorizes disposal.

记录拒收范围和对方说明，及时联系调度取得下一步安排。不要自行决定返程、改送地址或处理货物。Record what was refused and the stated reason, then obtain further instructions from dispatch. Do not independently decide to return, redirect, or dispose of the freight.

也叫：Also: 拒收 · 整票拒收 · 部分拒收 · refused load · rejected load · refusal

在仓库处理发货或收货登记、单据和数量核对的工作人员。司机到场常先找他们确认任务和门位；他们是现场联系人，不一定是货主、经纪或有权修改运价的人。A warehouse worker handling shipping or receiving records, paperwork, and quantity checks. Drivers often contact this person about the job and dock assignment. A site contact is not necessarily the cargo owner, broker, or someone authorized to change the rate.

Shipping office 是发货办公室，Receiving office 是收货办公室；到场先说自己来提货还是送货。The shipping office handles outgoing freight; the receiving office handles incoming freight. Say whether you are collecting or delivering.

也叫：Also: 仓库文员 · 收货文员 · 发货文员 · shipping clerk · receiving clerk · shipping office · receiving office

首次与某个经纪或客户合作时，用来登记车队资料、核对资质、保险和付款安排的一组文件或在线表格。各家要求不同；完成入驻不等于拿到政府经营资质，也不保证一定有货。A set of documents or online forms used when onboarding with a broker or customer to check carrier information, authority, insurance, and payment arrangements. Requirements vary; completing setup neither grants government authority nor guarantees loads.

由获授权人员核实接收方并提供资料；司机接到资料请求时，先转交车队负责人员。An authorized person should verify the recipient and provide the records. A driver receiving the request should refer it to the responsible carrier staff.

也叫：Also: 承运人资料包 · 车队入驻 · 开户注册 · carrier onboarding · setup packet · carrier setup packet

向付款方列明“这次收什么钱、收多少、按什么账期付”的账单。在美国运输业务里，Invoice 常用于请款；它不是提单，也不能只凭有这张单子就认定已经收款。A bill listing what is being charged, the amount, and payment terms. In U.S. freight work an invoice is commonly used to request payment; it is not a bill of lading or, by itself, proof that payment was received.

按付款方要求配齐签收凭证等材料，核对费用和收款安排。Receipt 通常表示收据，POD 表示交付凭证，作用不同。Provide required supporting records such as the POD and check the charges and payment arrangements. A receipt and a POD serve different purposes from the invoice.

也叫：Also: 运费账单 · 请款单 · 发票 · freight invoice · billing invoice

在报价或账单里，通常指基本运输费，燃油附加费和其他附加费可能另外列出。在运营描述里也可指城市或货运站之间的干线运输，要看它出现在哪里。On a quote or bill, linehaul commonly means the base transportation charge, with fuel and accessorials potentially listed separately. In operations it can also mean transport between cities or terminals; context matters.

比较两个报价前，确认是否已经含燃油和附加费。不要把 linehaul 当作最后实收，更不能直接当作利润。Before comparing quotes, check whether fuel and extra charges are included. Linehaul is not necessarily the final amount received or profit.

也叫：Also: 基础运费 · 干线运费 · 基本运费 · line haul · line-haul

冷藏设备控制器要维持的目标温度。它是设定目标，不是货物当前实测温度，也不保证车厢每一处温度相同；看到设定值正常，仍不能直接认定货物温度合格。The target temperature entered into a refrigeration controller. It is not the measured cargo temperature and does not guarantee uniform temperature throughout the trailer. A correct setpoint alone does not establish acceptable cargo temperature.

按本票货物书面要求确认温度、华氏或摄氏单位，以及运行模式；不照搬上一票货的设置。Confirm the shipment’s written temperature, °F or °C, and operating-mode instructions rather than reusing the previous load’s settings.

也叫：Also: 设定温度 · 冷机温度 · 设定值 · setpoint · set point · temperature setting

司机出车前确认车辆处于安全可运行状态的检查，通常会看车辆、挂车、制动、轮胎、灯具、联结和货物固定等项目。它是开车前的安全判断，不等于已经填写 DVIR，也不等于执法路检或定期检查。A driver's check before operating to confirm that the vehicle is in safe working condition, commonly covering the tractor, trailer, brakes, tires, lights, coupling, and cargo securement. It is a pre-driving safety judgment, not the same as completing a DVIR, a roadside inspection, or a periodic inspection.

先查看上一份 DVIR（司机车检报告，如适用）和未修缺陷，再按车型与车队清单检查。发现影响安全的问题时，不要把“已经记录”误当成“可以继续开”。Review the previous DVIR when applicable and any unrepaired defects, then use the checklist for the vehicle and carrier. If a defect affects safety, recording it does not by itself make the vehicle safe to drive.

也叫：Also: 行前检查 · 驾驶前检查 · pretrip · pre-trip check · vehicle inspection before driving

车辆和货物通过某一车轴或一组车轴施加在路面的重量。总重合规不代表每个轴重都合规；轴距、轮胎额定载荷、州法、路线限制或许可条件都可能影响允许重量。The weight that a vehicle and its cargo place on the road through one axle or an axle group. A legal gross weight does not prove every axle is legal; axle spacing, tire ratings, state law, route restrictions, and permit conditions can all affect the allowed weight.

装货后同时看各轴组读数和总重。前后分配不均时，先向装货方或车队确认能否调整；不要只凭提单重量、柜重或 GVWR（总重额定值）判断可以上路。After loading, review each axle-group reading as well as gross weight. If the load is distributed poorly, ask the shipper or carrier whether it can be adjusted; a BOL weight, container weight, or GVWR alone does not establish road legality.

也叫：Also: 车轴重量 · 轴荷 · axle load · axle group weight

车辆过磅后由秤站或称重系统出具的记录，通常列示车辆识别信息、称重时间及各轴组或总重；由持证称重员（weighmaster）签发的可能是正式重量证书。它记录当次称重结果，不是装货许可、道路通行许可或超重豁免。A record issued after a vehicle is weighed, commonly showing vehicle identifiers, weighing time, and axle-group or gross weights; a licensed weighmaster may issue a formal weight certificate. It records that weighing event and is not permission to load, a road permit, or an overweight exemption.

离开前核对车号或挂车号、各轴与总重、日期时间。信息与实际组合不符时，应重磅或问清；拿到磅单不代表装载、轴重和路线已经合法。Before leaving, check the truck or trailer identifier, axle and gross weights, and date and time. Reweigh or clarify mismatches; possession of a ticket does not establish that the load, axle weights, or route are legal.

也叫：Also: 过磅单 · 称重单 · 重量票 · weigh ticket · weight ticket · scale receipt · weighmaster certificate

执法机构用于称量并检查商用车辆的固定或临时设施，可核查重量、尺寸、车辆设备、装载、登记和司机要求。它不同于收费提供磅单的商业公共秤站，也不只是一次简单过磅。A fixed or temporary enforcement facility used to weigh and inspect commercial vehicles for weight, size, equipment, loading, registration, and driver requirements. It differs from a commercial public scale that sells a weighing ticket and may involve more than weighing alone.

经过时看现场标志、开放状态和适用于本车的指示；不要因为刚在商业秤站过磅，就认为可以忽略执法检查站或其他检查要求。Watch the posted signs, open status, and instructions that apply to the vehicle. A recent weighing at a commercial scale does not excuse a required stop at an enforcement facility or satisfy other inspections.

也叫：Also: 卡车磅站 · 商用车检查站 · truck scale · inspection station · Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Facility · CVEF

用车辆结构、垫木、支撑、绑带、链条或其他合适装置，把货物固定、阻挡或约束在车辆内外，避免行驶中泄漏、掉落或移动到影响车辆稳定和操控。柜门铅封只显示封闭状态或编号，不承担这种固定作用。The use of vehicle structures, dunnage, blocking, bracing, tiedowns, chains, or other suitable means to contain, immobilize, or restrain cargo so it does not leak, fall, or shift enough to affect vehicle stability or handling. A container seal indicates closure or identity; it does not secure the cargo.

出发前确认谁负责装载和固定，并检查适用于该货物与车体的固定方式和可见损坏。门已上封、提单已签或货物在封闭厢内，都不自动证明固定合格。Before departure, confirm who is responsible for loading and securement, and inspect the method for that cargo and body plus visible damage. A sealed door, signed BOL, or enclosed trailer does not automatically establish adequate securement.

也叫：Also: 货物捆扎 · 装载固定 · load securement · cargo restraint · tie-down

记录一段时间属于哪种活动：非值勤／休息（Off Duty）、卧铺休息（Sleeper Berth）、驾驶（Driving），或值勤但未驾驶（On Duty, Not Driving）。应按实际活动和责任记录；ELD（电子记录仪）不会替你判断所有等待、装卸和休息时间。The category recorded for each period: Off Duty, Sleeper Berth, Driving, or On Duty, Not Driving. Record the actual activity and responsibilities. An electronic logging device (ELD) does not decide every waiting, loading, or rest period for the driver.

停车不一定就是下班，坐在驾驶室也不一定就是卧铺。装卸、检查或等待时，按实际责任核对当前状态；车辆移动前先看 ELD（电子记录仪）显示，发现错误按规定及时更正或说明。Being parked does not always mean off duty, and sitting in the cab is not automatically sleeper berth. During loading, inspections, or waiting, classify the time from the actual responsibility; check the ELD before moving and correct or annotate errors as required.

也叫：Also: 工时状态 · 日志状态 · driver duty status · log status · RODS status

以压缩空气驱动车辆制动的系统，通常包括行车制动（正常踩刹车）、驻车制动和故障时使用的紧急制动功能。CDL 上的“无气刹”限制与考试车辆和资格有关，不应把它误称为单独的气刹证书或背书。A braking system that uses compressed air, generally including service brakes for normal stops, parking brakes, and emergency braking functions for a system failure. A CDL “no air brakes” restriction relates to qualification and the test vehicle; it is not a separate air-brake certificate or endorsement.

气压表、低压警报、漏气或制动反应异常都需要认真处理。按车辆和车队要求做出车前检查；通过气刹知识考试不代表当天这套制动系统一定安全。Treat abnormal gauges, low-pressure warnings, air leakage, or brake response seriously. Perform the vehicle- and carrier-specific pre-trip check; passing air-brake knowledge testing does not prove that today's brake system is safe.

也叫：Also: 空气制动 · 气压制动 · air brake system · pneumatic brakes

紧急或重刹时自动调节制动压力，帮助车轮避免抱死并让司机保持方向控制的系统。ABS 不保证在所有路面缩短停车距离，也不能增加轮胎抓地力或代替正常制动操作；牵引车与挂车可各有自己的系统和故障灯。A system that modulates brake pressure during hard braking to help prevent wheel lock and preserve steering control. ABS does not guarantee a shorter stop on every surface, create tire traction, or replace normal braking technique; tractor and trailer systems may have separate warning indicators.

启动车辆时识别牵引车和挂车对应的 ABS 灯；灯一直亮、该亮不亮或行驶中亮起时，按车辆与车队要求检查或报修，不要把 ABS 当成制动距离保险。Know which ABS lamps correspond to the tractor and trailer. If a lamp stays on, fails to illuminate when expected, or comes on while driving, follow vehicle and carrier inspection or repair steps; ABS is not a guarantee of stopping distance.

也叫：Also: 防锁死刹车 · 防抱死系统 · anti-lock brakes · antilock brakes

保险公司按保单对全部损失或某一项保障最多支付的金额，仍受承保范围、除外责任和其他条款限制。同一保单可能同时有每次事故或每次索赔限额、累计限额及分项限额；限额不是免赔额，也不是保证每笔索赔都会付到该数。The maximum an insurer will pay overall or under a particular coverage, still subject to coverage, exclusions, and other policy terms. One policy may contain per-occurrence or per-claim limits, aggregate limits, and sublimits. A limit is not a deductible or a promise that every claim will be paid up to that amount.

查看保单声明页、保障表和批单，分别确认每次与累计限额及货物等分项限额。COI（保险证书）上的大数字不能代替核对实际保单，也不能证明某次运输一定受保。Review the declarations, coverage schedule, and endorsements for per-occurrence, aggregate, and cargo or other sublimits. A large number on a COI does not replace the policy or establish coverage for a particular haul.

也叫：Also: 保险限额 · 赔偿限额 · coverage limit · limit of insurance · liability limit

保单列明不承保的原因、条件、人员、用途、财产或货物，可写在主保单或批单中。即使保单限额很高、保单仍有效或已经出具 COI，适用的除外责任仍可能使某项损失不受保。A cause, condition, person, use, property, or commodity that the policy states is not covered, whether in the main form or an endorsement. An applicable exclusion can bar coverage even when the policy has high limits, remains active, or a COI has been issued.

接新货或改变车辆、司机、路线、用途前，对照保单和批单核对相关除外项；不确定时向保险经纪或保险公司取得书面说明。不要把“全险”或一张 COI（保险证书）当成没有除外责任。Before taking a new commodity or changing the vehicle, driver, route, or use, compare the exposure with the policy and endorsements. Ask the broker or insurer for written clarification when uncertain; “full coverage” or a COI does not mean there are no exclusions.

也叫：Also: 免责条款 · 不保事项 · 承保除外 · coverage exclusion · excluded risk · policy exclusion

Free Time 是集装箱或货物在码头等地点可免收相应堆存或滞期费用的期间；Last Free Day 是该期间的最后一天或最后免费时点。前者是期间，后者是截止点，算法会随码头、船公司、货类和当期规则变化。Free time is the period during which a container or cargo may remain at a terminal or similar facility without the applicable storage or demurrage charge. The last free day is the final day or cutoff in that period. One is a period and the other a deadline; calculation varies by terminal, carrier, cargo, and current rule.

用具体柜号核对当天显示的 LFD（最后免费日）、柜子可提状态、hold（暂扣或限制）、费用和预约；不要只按“几天免费”自己推日期。柜子尚未可提或码头不开门时，也应查看适用规则和更新。For the specific container, recheck the displayed LFD, availability, holds, charges, and appointment status that day. Do not calculate the deadline from a remembered number of free days; if the box is unavailable or the gate is closed, review the applicable rule and updates.

也叫：Also: 免费期 · 免堆时间 · 最后免堆日 · 最后免费提柜日 · free time · free days · last free day · LFD

进口柜卸货后，把空箱交回船公司或设备方当时指定且愿意接收的码头、堆场或仓库。接收地点和条件可能按船公司、尺寸、箱型、日期、班次及库存变化；还空柜与送重出口柜不是同一交易。The return of an unloaded import container to the terminal, depot, or yard currently designated and accepting it for the ocean carrier or equipment provider. The location and conditions may vary by line, size, type, date, shift, and inventory. An empty return is a different transaction from delivering a loaded export.

派车前再次核对船公司还柜指示、码头的 empty receiving（空柜接收）状态及是否需要预约；不要因为进口柜从某码头提走，就默认空柜必须或可以还到同一地点。保留 EIR（设备交接单）。Before dispatch, recheck the ocean carrier's return instruction, the terminal's empty-receiving status, and whether an appointment is required. Do not assume the pickup terminal must or will accept the empty. Keep the EIR.

也叫：Also: 还空箱 · 空柜返场 · 空箱退回 · empty container return · empty drop-off · MTY in · empty in

码头或堆场在集装箱、车架等设备交接或闸口交易时生成的记录，常含设备编号、进出方向、时间及记录到的状况或损坏。它是交接证据，不等于柜子放行、预约确认，也不能单独决定损坏责任。A terminal or depot record generated when a container, chassis, or other equipment is interchanged or processed at the gate. It commonly includes equipment identifiers, direction, time, and recorded condition or damage. It evidences the interchange but is not a release, an appointment confirmation, or conclusive proof of damage responsibility.

离开闸口前核对柜号、车架号、进出方向、时间和损坏备注；有遗漏或明显不符时按该场站渠道及时处理，并保存纸质或电子副本及允许拍摄的现场记录。Before leaving the gate, check the container and chassis numbers, direction, time, and damage remarks. Use the facility's correction channel promptly for omissions or mismatches, and retain the paper or electronic copy plus any permitted condition evidence.

也叫：Also: 设备交收单 · 柜架交接单 · 闸口交接凭证 · interchange receipt · equipment interchange report · gate receipt · gate ticket

拖柜语境中，指进口柜取得进入提柜流程所需的相关放行状态，常要分别看船公司放行、海关放行及其他 hold（暂扣或限制）是否清除。显示 released（已放行）不等于柜子已经卸船并可提，也不等于已有预约、费用已处理或闸口一定接车。In drayage, the status that required authorizations for an import container to enter the pickup process have been satisfied, often checked separately for ocean-carrier release, customs release, and other holds. “Released” does not by itself mean the box is discharged and available, an appointment exists, charges are resolved, or the gate will accept the truck.

派车前在码头或船公司系统逐项核对 line release（船公司放行）、customs/CBP release（美国海关放行）、其他 hold（暂扣或限制）、柜子可提状态、LFD（最后免费日）、费用和预约；不要把其中一个绿色状态当成全部条件完成。Before dispatch, check line release, customs or CBP release, other holds, physical availability, LFD, charges, and appointment status in the applicable carrier or terminal system. One green status does not mean every pickup condition is complete.

也叫：Also: 柜子放行 · 提柜放行 · 进口柜放行 · cargo release · line release · customs release · fully released