术语词典Trucking Glossary

拉挂车的动力部分，带发动机和驾驶室。常见品牌：Freightliner、Kenworth、Peterbilt、Volvo、Mack、International。The powered front unit that pulls the trailer — engine + cab. Common brands: Freightliner, Kenworth, Peterbilt, Volvo, Mack, International.

无动力的载货部分，靠 tractor 牵引。按用途分 dry van、reefer、flatbed、tanker 等。The unpowered cargo unit towed by the tractor. Types include dry van, reefer, flatbed, tanker, etc.

牵引车不挂任何挂车单独行驶的状态。bobtail 时操控比挂车时更难，刹车距离反而可能变长。Driving the tractor with no trailer attached. Bobtailing handles differently — braking can actually be worse than with a trailer.

最常见的封闭厢式挂车，运常温干货（电商包裹、零售商品、纸箱等）。The most common enclosed trailer — for dry, room-temperature freight (e-commerce, retail, boxed goods).

带温控设备的挂车，用于需要指定温度条件的货物，如食品或药品。不同设备可以制冷，有些也能加热；设定温度、运行模式和供能方式要按货物要求及设备说明确认。A temperature-controlled trailer for freight such as food or pharmaceuticals. Equipment may cool and, on some units, heat. Confirm the setpoint, operating mode, and power arrangements using the shipment instructions and equipment manual.

无车厢、平板式挂车，运超大件、建材、钢材等。要求司机熟悉绑扎（securement）规范。An open flat platform trailer for oversized loads, building materials, steel, etc. Requires strong cargo securement skills.

冷藏设备控制器要维持的目标温度。它是设定目标，不是货物当前实测温度，也不保证车厢每一处温度相同；看到设定值正常，仍不能直接认定货物温度合格。The target temperature entered into a refrigeration controller. It is not the measured cargo temperature and does not guarantee uniform temperature throughout the trailer. A correct setpoint alone does not establish acceptable cargo temperature.

标准化的金属箱，常见尺寸 20'、40'、40'HC、45'。海运 + 拖柜的核心载体。Standardized steel box — common sizes 20', 40', 40' HC, 45'. The basic unit of ocean + drayage freight.

公路运输时承托集装箱的带轮底架，与装货的集装箱本身不同。底盘可能自有或通过其他安排取得，提还地点和使用要求需要单独确认。The wheeled frame supporting a container for road transport, separate from the container itself. It may be owned or supplied under another arrangement; confirm its pickup, return, and use requirements.

牵引车后部的圆盘锁扣装置，与挂车的 kingpin 连接。The disk-shaped coupling on the tractor that locks onto the trailer's kingpin.

挂车前部的金属销，插入 tractor 的 fifth wheel 完成连接。The metal pin on the front of the trailer that locks into the tractor's fifth wheel.

以压缩空气驱动车辆制动的系统，通常包括行车制动（正常踩刹车）、驻车制动和故障时使用的紧急制动功能。CDL 上的“无气刹”限制与考试车辆和资格有关，不应把它误称为单独的气刹证书或背书。A braking system that uses compressed air, generally including service brakes for normal stops, parking brakes, and emergency braking functions for a system failure. A CDL “no air brakes” restriction relates to qualification and the test vehicle; it is not a separate air-brake certificate or endorsement.

紧急或重刹时自动调节制动压力，帮助车轮避免抱死并让司机保持方向控制的系统。ABS 不保证在所有路面缩短停车距离，也不能增加轮胎抓地力或代替正常制动操作；牵引车与挂车可各有自己的系统和故障灯。A system that modulates brake pressure during hard braking to help prevent wheel lock and preserve steering control. ABS does not guarantee a shorter stop on every surface, create tire traction, or replace normal braking technique; tractor and trailer systems may have separate warning indicators.