13 / TIRES, LAMPS AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
轮胎、灯光与应急装备Tires, lamps and emergency equipment
出车检查先找真正影响安全的缺陷，再核对轮胎、灯光和应急设备。达到一个最低数字，不代表整辆车已经安全。Start with defects that affect safety, then check tires, lights and emergency equipment. Meeting one numerical minimum does not establish that the whole vehicle is safe.
出车检查先找真正影响安全的缺陷，再核对轮胎、灯光和应急设备。达到一个最低数字，不代表整辆车已经安全。Start with defects that affect safety, then check tires, lights and emergency equipment. Meeting one numerical minimum does not establish that the whole vehicle is safe.
适用于联邦 Part 393 覆盖的货车和牵引车。本文选择常见检查项目，不替代完整出车检查、维修标准或特定车辆例外。For trucks and truck tractors covered by federal Part 393. These are common inspection points, not a replacement for the full pre-trip inspection, maintenance requirements or vehicle-specific exceptions.
先弄清这几条要求Start with these requirements
轮胎同时看损伤、花纹、载荷和气压Check tire damage, tread, loading and inflation
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 露出帘布或带束层、胎面或胎壁分离、瘪胎或可听漏气等情况禁止带病运行。货车／牵引车前轮主要胎纹沟深至少 4/32 英寸，其他轮胎一般至少 2/32 英寸，测量避开连筋等位置；另核对额定载荷及适合实际载荷的冷胎气压。Do not operate on tires with exposed ply/belt material, tread or sidewall separation, a flat or an audible leak. Major tread grooves on truck/tractor front tires must be at least 4/32 inch deep; other tires generally need 2/32 inch, measured away from tie bars and similar features. Also check load ratings and cold inflation appropriate to the load.
(a) (a) No motor vehicle shall be operated on any tire that—
(a)(1) (1) Has body ply or belt material exposed through the tread or sidewall,
(a)(2) (2) Has any tread or sidewall separation,
(a)(3) (3) Is flat or has an audible leak, or
(a)(4) (4) Has a cut to the extent that the ply or belt material is exposed.
(b) (b) Any tire on the front wheels of a bus, truck, or truck tractor shall have a tread groove pattern depth of at least 4/32 of an inch when measured at any point on a major tread groove. The measurements shall not be made where tie bars, humps, or fillets are located.
(c) (c) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, tires shall have a tread groove pattern depth of at least 2/32 of an inch when measured in a major tread groove. The measurement shall not be made where tie bars, humps or fillets are located.
(g) (g) Tire loading restrictions (except on manufactured homes). No motor vehicle (except manufactured homes, which are governed by paragraph (h) of this section) shall be operated with tires that carry a weight greater than that marked on the sidewall of the tire or, in the absence of such a marking, a weight greater than that specified for the tires in any of the publications of any of the organizations listed in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 119 (49 CFR 571.119, S5.1(b)) unless:
(h)(2)(i) (i) Tire inflation pressure. (1) No motor vehicle shall be operated on a tire which has a cold inflation pressure less than that specified for the load being carried.
使用固定来源版次；适用日期与例外以原文及历史沿革为准。Uses a fixed source edition; check the original and statutory history for operative dates and exceptions.
法定灯光要能工作，也不能被泥和货物挡住Required lights must work and remain visible
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 本分部要求的灯具须可工作，所要求的灯具、反光器和反光材料不能被车板、货物、遮盖物或污物挡住。不要仅在白天看“灯壳没坏”，应检查实际功能和可见性。Lamps required by the subpart must operate, and required lamps, reflectors and reflective material must not be obscured by bodywork, loads, coverings or dirt. Check operation and visibility, not merely whether the housing looks intact.
- 条件与例外Conditions and exceptions
- 前端保护装置上的特定反光标识有条文例外；不是允许遮挡所有反光装置。The specified exception for conspicuity treatment on front-end protection devices does not permit covering all reflectors.
(a) (a) All lamps required by this subpart shall be capable of being operated at all times. This paragraph shall not be construed to require that any auxiliary or additional lamp be capable of operating at all times.
(b) (b) Lamps and reflective devices/material required by this subpart must not be obscured by the tailboard, or by any part of the load, or its covering by dirt, or other added vehicle or work equipment, or otherwise. Exception: The conspicuity treatments on the front end protection devices may be obscured by part of the load being transported.
使用固定来源版次；适用日期与例外以原文及历史沿革为准。Uses a fixed source edition; check the original and statutory history for operative dates and exceptions.
应急设备按运输业务核对等级和固定方式Match emergency equipment to the operation
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 未用于运送危险品的动力车辆通常至少配一只 5 B:C 灭火器，或两只各 4 B:C；达到贴牌数量的危险品运输动力车辆至少配 10 B:C。灭火器须充足、易取且固定。警示装置可采用三只合格双向反光三角牌；不要把普通手电当成法定替代品。A power unit not used to transport hazardous materials generally needs one extinguisher rated at least 5 B:C or two rated at least 4 B:C each; a power unit carrying placardable hazardous materials needs at least 10 B:C. Keep extinguishers charged, accessible and securely mounted. Three compliant bidirectional reflective triangles are a permitted warning-device option; an ordinary flashlight is not a substitute.
- 条件与例外Conditions and exceptions
- 本条有 driveaway-towaway 等例外，并对特定危险品和燃气车辆携带火焰警示装置作限制。This section includes driveaway-towaway exceptions and restricts flame-producing warning devices on specified hazardous-material and compressed-gas vehicles.
Each truck, truck tractor, and bus (except those towed in driveaway-towaway operations) must be equipped as follows:
(a) (a) Fire extinguishers—(1) Minimum ratings. (i) A power unit that is used to transport hazardous materials in a quantity that requires placarding (See § 177.823 of this title) must be equipped with a fire extinguisher having an Underwriters' Laboratories rating of 10 B:C or more.
(ii) A power unit that is not used to transport hazardous materials must be equipped with either:
(A) A fire extinguisher having an Underwriters' Laboratories rating of 5 B:C or more; or
(B) Two fire extinguishers, each of which has an Underwriters' Laboratories rating of 4 B:C or more.
(2) Labeling and marking. Each fire extinguisher required by this section must be labeled or marked by the manufacturer with its Underwriters' Laboratories rating.
(3) Visual Indicators. The fire extinguisher must be designed, constructed, and maintained to permit visual determination of whether it is fully charged.
(4) Condition, location, and mounting. The fire extinguisher(s) must be filled and located so that it is readily accessible for use. The extinguisher(s) must be securely mounted to prevent sliding, rolling, or vertical movement relative to the motor vehicle.
(5) Extinguishing agents. The fire extinguisher must use an extinguishing agent that does not need protection from freezing. Extinguishing agents must comply with the toxicity provisions of the Environmental Protection Agency's Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) regulations under 40 CFR Part 82, Subpart G.
(6) Exception. This paragraph (a) does not apply to the driven unit in a driveaway-towaway operation.
(f) (f) Warning devices for stopped vehicles. Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, one of the following options must be used:
(f)(1) (1) Three bidirectional emergency reflective triangles that conform to the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 125, § 571.125 of this title; or
(f)(2) (2) At least 6 fusees. The vehicle must have as many additional fusees as are necessary to satisfy the requirements of § 392.22 of this chapter.
(f)(3) (3) Other warning devices may be used in addition to, but not in lieu of, the required warning devices, provided those warning devices do not decrease the effectiveness of the required warning devices.
(g) (g) Restrictions on the use of flame-producing devices. Fusees or any other signal produced by a flame shall not be carried on any commercial motor vehicle transporting Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (explosives) hazardous materials; any cargo tank motor vehicle used for the transportation of Division 2.1 (flammable gas) or Class 3 (flammable liquid) hazardous materials whether loaded or empty; or any commercial motor vehicle using compressed gas as a motor fuel.
使用固定来源版次；适用日期与例外以原文及历史沿革为准。Uses a fixed source edition; check the original and statutory history for operative dates and exceptions.
教学例子WORKED EXAMPLE
胎纹足够，但轮胎正在漏气Adequate tread on a leaking tire
教学场景：司机量到前胎仍有足够花纹，却听到持续漏气，调度要求先送完货。Illustrative scenario: the front tire has sufficient tread, but the driver hears a continuing leak and dispatch asks for one more delivery.
按缺陷判断，不只看花纹Evaluate the defect, not just tread
可听漏气是独立禁止条件，不会因胎纹达标而消失。An audible leak is a separate prohibited condition; adequate tread does not cure it.
处理后再检查Correct and recheck
停妥并安排合适维修，复查轮胎状态和气压后再按安全要求恢复运行。Stop safely, arrange appropriate repair and recheck tire condition and inflation before safely resuming operation.
把“合格”拆成具体检查项，避免一个数字掩盖其他缺陷。Check each requirement so one passing measurement does not hide another defect.
实际工作中，最容易弄错的地方Common mistakes in day-to-day work
“应急用品放在车上就行”“It is enough to have emergency supplies somewhere on board”
灭火器的等级、充装状态、易取程度和固定方式同样重要；三角牌也要符合规定。Extinguisher rating, charge, accessibility and mounting matter, and triangles must meet the prescribed standard.
完整原文与来源Full text and sources
法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
轮胎要求§ 393.75 Tires.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
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法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
车灯正常工作与反光装置不受遮挡§ 393.9 Lamps operable, prohibition of obstructions of lamps and reflectors.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
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法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
动力车辆应配备的应急设备§ 393.95 Emergency equipment on all power units.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
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依据关联的官方原文及官方项目说明起草。中文和英文解读均为 CTAC AI 辅助工作稿，未经人工审核；教学案例不是实际会员记录。采集日期不是法规生效日期。Drafted from linked official texts and agency guidance. Both language interpretations are CTAC AI-assisted drafts pending human review; examples are illustrative, not member records. Capture dates are not legal effective dates.