03 / VEHICLE
车辆与行车安全Vehicle & road safety
把司机看到的车况与车队保存的检查、维修资料对起来。遇到故障或路检记录时，再进入相应法规来源。Compare the condition observed by the driver with the carrier's inspection and maintenance records. Use the related regulation source when reviewing a defect or inspection record.
车辆检查不是一张贴纸或一次绕车就结束。司机出车前要确认安全车况；发现影响安全或可能导致故障的问题要按规则报告并处理；承运人还要分别管理联邦年度检查和适用的加州 90 天检查。Vehicle inspection is more than a sticker or a walk-around. The driver must be satisfied with safe condition before driving; safety-related or breakdown-related defects must be reported and addressed; the carrier must separately manage the federal annual inspection and any applicable California 90-day inspection.
以下以联邦 49 CFR Part 396 的常用要求和 California Vehicle Code §34505.5 为入口。车辆类型、州际或州内运营、单车承运人、非营业客运、driveaway-towaway、联运设备及州级等效检查可能改变报告或检查要求，应先确认适用范围。These entry points cover common requirements in 49 CFR Part 396 and California Vehicle Code § 34505.5. Vehicle type, interstate or intrastate operation, one-CMV carriers, private nonbusiness passenger carriage, driveaway-towaway operations, intermodal equipment, and State-equivalent inspections can change the requirements, so applicability comes first.
先弄清这几条要求Start with these requirements
司机先确认车辆处于安全可运行状态The driver must first be satisfied that the vehicle is safe to operate
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 司机每次驾驶前都要先确认车辆处于安全可运行状态。若有依法要求的上一份 DVIR，就要查看并按 §396.13(c) 签字确认，核对承运人按 §396.11(a)(3)(ii) 对缺陷已修复或无需维修作出的认证。这里不是要求司机凭感觉替代检查，也不是看到旧报告就自动放行；发现制动、轮胎、灯光、转向、连接装置等问题时，应停下来按车队流程报告并判断能否运行。Before driving, the driver must be satisfied that the vehicle is in safe operating condition. When a prior DVIR is required, review it and sign as required by §396.13(c), checking the carrier’s certification under §396.11(a)(3)(ii) that listed defects were repaired or that repair was unnecessary. An old report is not an automatic release. If brakes, tires, lights, steering, coupling devices, or other safety items raise concern, stop, report through the carrier process, and determine whether operation is permitted.
- 条件与例外Conditions and exceptions
- 若报告缺陷涉及的被牵引单元已不再属于本次车辆组合，§396.13(c) 的签字要求不适用于该单元的这些缺陷；这不免除安全运行检查，也不改变承运人对影响安全的缺陷进行必要维修的义务。The signature requirement in §396.13(c) does not apply to listed defects on a towed unit no longer part of the vehicle combination. This does not remove the safe-operating-condition check or the carrier’s duty to repair defects that affect safety.
Before driving a motor vehicle, the driver shall:
(a) (a) Be satisfied that the motor vehicle is in safe operating condition;
(b) (b) Review the last driver vehicle inspection report if required by § 396.11(a)(2)(i); and
发现安全或故障风险，就写清车辆与缺陷并处理Identify, report, and address safety or breakdown defects
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 司机当天发现或收到会影响安全运行、或可能造成机械故障的缺陷，应在当天工作结束时通过适用的 DVIR 标明车辆和问题并签名；同日开过多辆车时，每辆分别处理。联邦规则明确：没有发现或收到缺陷时，司机不必仅为“零缺陷”制作这份报告，但本条有单车承运人等例外，州法或车队制度也可能更严格。再次运行前，承运人要完成必要维修，并在记录中认证已修复或该缺陷无需维修；只有车辆能安全运行时才能继续上路。A driver who discovers or receives notice during the day of a defect that could affect safe operation or cause a mechanical breakdown must, at the end of that workday, identify the vehicle and defect in the applicable DVIR and sign it; each vehicle driven that day is handled separately. The federal rule says a no-defect report is not required when no defect was discovered or reported, but the section has exceptions, including for a carrier operating only one CMV, and State or carrier rules may be stricter. Before the vehicle operates again, the carrier must complete necessary repairs and certify that repairs were made or that repair was unnecessary; the vehicle may continue only when it can be operated safely.
(2) Report content. (i) The report must identify the vehicle and list any defect or deficiency discovered by or reported to the driver which would affect the safety of operation of the vehicle or result in its mechanical breakdown. If a driver operates more than one vehicle during the day, a report must be prepared for each vehicle operated. Drivers are not required to prepare a report if no defect or deficiency is discovered by or reported to the driver.
(ii) The driver must sign the report. On two-driver operations, only one driver needs to sign the driver vehicle inspection report, provided both drivers agree as to the defects or deficiencies identified.
联邦年度检查看每个组合单元，也要有随车证明The federal annual inspection covers each combination unit and requires vehicle documentation
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 受 § 396.17 约束的商用车，至少要检查 Appendix A 列出的部件；组合车辆中的牵引车、半挂车、全挂车以及配有的 converter dolly 都分别属于要检查的车辆。承运人不得使用未在过去 12 个月内按本条通过检查的车辆，而且检查证明要随车。随车文件可以是 § 396.21(a) 检查报告，也可以是基于该报告的贴纸、标识或其他文件；如果使用后者，不能只写日期，还必须列出报告保管企业或其他实体的名称和地址、必要时可唯一识别车辆的信息，以及按 § 396.17 通过检查的认证。州级合格等效检查等路径要另看 § 396.23。A CMV subject to § 396.17 must be inspected for at least the components in Appendix A. In a combination, the tractor, semitrailer, full trailer, and any converter dolly are each vehicles that must be inspected. A carrier may not use a vehicle unless it passed the required inspection during the preceding 12 months and documentation is on the vehicle. The on-vehicle documentation may be the § 396.21(a) inspection report or another form based on that report, such as a sticker or decal. If another form is used, a date alone is not enough; it must also state the name and address of the business or other entity where the report is maintained, uniquely identify the vehicle when needed, and certify passage under § 396.17. State-equivalent and other paths require separate review under § 396.23.
(a) Every commercial motor vehicle must be inspected as required by this section. The inspection must include, at a minimum, the parts and accessories set forth in appendix A to this part. The term commercial motor vehicle includes each vehicle in a combination vehicle. For example, for a tractor semitrailer, full trailer combination, the tractor, semitrailer, and the full trailer (including the converter dolly if so equipped) must each be inspected.
加州适用车辆的 90 天检查，是承运人的定期义务California's 90-day inspection is a carrier duty for covered vehicles
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 对 §34505.5 覆盖且未被 §34501.12 排除的车辆，承运人要把至少每 90 天一次、必要时更频繁的检查纳入系统维护；项目至少包括制动调整与系统、转向和悬挂、轮胎车轮及连接装置。停驶超过 90 天的车辆可不按 90 天间隔检查，但重新上路前必须检查。检查列出的缺陷通常要先修复并由授权代表签字，除非只是驶往维修地点；检查维修记录保存两年。先确认车辆是否适用，不要把它说成 CHP 每 90 天来一次。For a vehicle covered by § 34505.5 and not exempted under § 34501.12, the carrier must include an inspection at least every 90 days, and more often when necessary, in its systematic maintenance program. The inspection includes at least brake adjustment and systems, steering and suspension, tires and wheels, and connecting devices. A vehicle out of service more than 90 days need not be inspected at 90-day intervals, but it must be inspected before highway operation. Listed defects generally must be corrected and attested by an authorized representative before operation except travel to a repair location, and records are retained two years. Confirm coverage first; this is not a CHP visit every 90 days.
教学例子WORKED EXAMPLE
出车前看到轮胎侧壁有深裂口A deep tire sidewall cut appears before dispatch
司机在接车绕车时发现问题。正确做法不是先开出去再观察，而是先把现场车况查清、把需要的记录写清，再决定能不能发车。A driver finds the issue during the pre-trip walk-around. The right response is to connect the actual condition with the required records and decision before departure.
先停下来确认Stop and assess
不要发车；检查轮胎及相邻车轮部件，并确认车辆当前是否能安全运行。Do not dispatch. Inspect the tire and adjacent wheel components and determine whether the vehicle is in safe operating condition.
写清车辆和缺陷Identify the vehicle and defect
按适用流程记录车辆、位置和裂口情况，通知车队；若有上一份要求查看的 DVIR，也一并核对。Under the applicable process, record the vehicle, location, and condition and notify the carrier; also review any prior DVIR that § 396.13 requires.
修好并确认后再放行Repair, confirm, then release
车队判断缺陷是否影响安全，完成必要维修并在记录上确认，再核对年度检查及适用的加州 90 天记录后放行。The carrier determines whether the defect affects safety, completes necessary repairs and records the confirmation, then checks the annual inspection and any applicable California 90-day record before release.
出车前检查解决“现在能不能安全开”，DVIR 解决“问题如何报告和修复”，年度／90 天检查解决“周期性维护是否到位”；三者不能互相替代。The pre-trip check addresses whether the vehicle is safe now, the DVIR addresses reporting and repair, and annual or 90-day inspections address periodic maintenance. Each serves a different purpose.
实际工作中，最容易弄错的地方Common mistakes in day-to-day work
误会一：每天都必须交一张“零缺陷”联邦 DVIRMisunderstanding 1: Federal law always requires a daily no-defect DVIR
§396.11(a)(2)(i) 说，没有发现或收到缺陷时不必制作该报告；本条还有单车承运人等例外。不过州法、公司制度或联运设备流程可能另有要求，所以先确认适用规则。Section 396.11(a)(2)(i) says the report is not required when no defect was discovered or reported, and the section also has exceptions such as a carrier operating only one CMV. State, company, or intermodal processes may differ, so check the applicable rule.
误会二：有年度检查贴纸，就不用做出车前检查Misunderstanding 2: An annual-inspection sticker replaces the pre-trip check
年度检查证明过去 12 个月内按要求通过周期检查；§396.13 仍要求司机每次驾驶前确认车辆当前处于安全状态，并在适用时查看上一份 DVIR 和维修认证。The annual documentation shows that the vehicle passed the periodic inspection within the prior 12 months. Section 396.13 still requires the driver to be satisfied with current safe condition before driving and, when applicable, to review the prior DVIR and repair certification.
误会三：BIT 就是 CHP 每 90 天来场站检查Misunderstanding 3: BIT means CHP visits every 90 days
§34505.5 的 90 天是适用车辆由承运人安排的定期检查周期。CHP 依据 §34501.12 选择哪些场站优先检查时，会考虑是否从未检查过、系统是否识别出风险及特定车辆等因素；这和承运人的 90 天检查不是一回事。The 90-day interval in § 34505.5 is the carrier's periodic inspection duty for covered vehicles. When CHP selects carrier facilities for priority inspection under § 34501.12, it considers factors such as never-inspected facilities, system-identified carriers, and specified vehicles. That is separate from the carrier's 90-day inspection duty.
完整原文与来源Full text and sources
法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
司机出车前的检查责任§ 396.13 Driver inspection.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
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法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
司机车辆检查报告（DVIR）§ 396.11 Driver vehicle inspection report(s).
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
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法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
商用车辆定期检查§ 396.17 Periodic inspection.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
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法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
加州车辆定期检查与维修记录California Vehicle Code § 34505.5
历史版本，尚未确认是否仍为现行要求。请结合下方版本日期核对官方来源。Historical library snapshot. Check its date and the official source for current requirements.
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联邦条文来源为 eCFR；2026-10-12 按库内当前版次重选 §396.13 和 §396.11 节选。加州 §34505.5 仍保留库内历史快照；本轮对照官方条文及 AB 3278 立法记录，不等于重新采集或替换原件。各条版本和限制见原文阅读区；版次更新不单独证明法律修订，查阅日不是生效日。中文为 CTAC 白话说明，不是官方中文译文。Federal provisions are sourced from eCFR; passages from §§396.13 and 396.11 were reselected against current library editions on October 12, 2026. California §34505.5 remains a historical library snapshot. This review compared the official provision and AB 3278 legislative record; it did not recapture or replace the original. See each reader for versions and limitations. An edition update alone does not establish a legal amendment, and consultation dates are not effective dates. Chinese text is a CTAC explanation, not an official translation.