24 / HAZMAT BASICS AND SHIPMENT CHECKS
危险品运输基础与接单判断Hazmat basics and shipment checks
接危险品前先确认人员训练、运输文件、贴牌和应急资料。看见一个 UN 编号或一张 SDS，并不代表已经满足运输要求。Before accepting hazardous material, check training, shipping papers, placards and emergency information. A UN number or an SDS alone does not establish transport compliance.
接危险品前先确认人员训练、运输文件、贴牌和应急资料。看见一个 UN 编号或一张 SDS，并不代表已经满足运输要求。Before accepting hazardous material, check training, shipping papers, placards and emergency information. A UN number or an SDS alone does not establish transport compliance.
这是美国公路危险品运输的一般入门检查，适用于相应 HMR 规则覆盖的业务。具体危险类别、数量、包装、许可及加州要求还须另核对；不代替岗位训练或专业危险品分类。This is an introductory checklist for US highway operations covered by the relevant Hazardous Materials Regulations. Check specific classes, quantities, packaging, permits and California requirements separately; it does not replace job training or professional classification.
先弄清这几条要求Start with these requirements
危险品岗位训练不是考完背书就结束Hazmat job training is more than obtaining an endorsement
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 岗位训练包括一般认识、实际职责、安全和安保意识；适用时另有深入安保训练。新员工或岗位变化后，在完成训练前工作的有限条件是由已受训且熟悉工作的人员直接监督，并在 90 天内完成训练；通常至少每三年复训，保留规定记录。Training includes general awareness, function-specific, safety and security awareness components, with in-depth security training where applicable. New or reassigned employees may perform functions before completion only under the specified direct supervision and with training completed within 90 days. Recurrent training is generally required at least every three years, with the required records.
- 条件与例外Conditions and exceptions
- 安保计划变更等可触发更早的训练节点；这份网页不构成 §172.704 的合格训练记录。Security-plan changes and other circumstances can trigger earlier training; this webpage is not a qualifying §172.704 training record.
(a) (a) Hazmat employee training must include the following:
(a)(1) (1) General awareness/familiarization training. Each hazmat employee shall be provided general awareness/familiarization training designed to provide familiarity with the requirements of this subchapter, and to enable the employee to recognize and identify hazardous materials consistent with the hazard communication standards of this subchapter.
(a)(2) (2) Function-specific training. (i) Each hazmat employee must be provided function-specific training concerning requirements of this subchapter, or exemptions or special permits issued under subchapter A of this chapter, that are specifically applicable to the functions the employee performs.
(a)(3) (3) Safety training. Each hazmat employee shall receive safety training concerning—
(a)(3)(i) (i) Emergency response information required by subpart G of part 172;
(a)(3)(ii) (ii) Measures to protect the employee from the hazards associated with hazardous materials to which they may be exposed in the work place, including specific measures the hazmat employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure; and
(a)(3)(iii) (iii) Methods and procedures for avoiding accidents, such as the proper procedures for handling packages containing hazardous materials.
(a)(4) (4) Security awareness training. Each hazmat employee must receive training that provides an awareness of security risks associated with hazardous materials transportation and methods designed to enhance transportation security. This training must also include a component covering how to recognize and respond to possible security threats. New hazmat employees must receive the security awareness training required by this paragraph within 90 days after employment.
(a)(5) (5) In-depth security training. Each hazmat employee of a person required to have a security plan in accordance with subpart I of this part who handles hazardous materials covered by the plan, performs a regulated function related to the hazardous materials covered by the plan, or is responsible for implementing the plan must be trained concerning the security plan and its implementation. Security training must include company security objectives, organizational security structure, specific security procedures, specific security duties and responsibilities for each employee, and specific actions to be taken by each employee in the event of a security breach.
(c) (c) Initial and recurrent training—(1) Initial training. A new hazmat employee, or a hazmat employee who changes job functions may perform those functions prior to the completion of training provided—
(i) The employee performs those functions under the direct supervision of a properly trained and knowledgeable hazmat employee; and
(ii) The training is completed within 90 days after employment or a change in job function.
(2) Recurrent training. A hazmat employee must receive the training required by this subpart at least once every three years. For in-depth security training required under paragraph (a)(5) of this section, a hazmat employee must be trained at least once every three years or, if the security plan for which training is required is revised during the three-year recurrent training cycle, within 90 days of implementation of the revised plan.
(3) Relevant Training. Relevant training received from a previous employer or other source may be used to satisfy the requirements of this subpart provided a current record of training is obtained from hazmat employees' previous employer.
(4) Compliance. Each hazmat employer is responsible for compliance with the requirements of this subchapter regardless of whether the training required by this subpart has been completed.
(d) Recordkeeping. Each hazmat employer must create and retain a record of current training of each hazmat employee, inclusive of the preceding three years, in accordance with this section for as long as that employee is employed by that employer as a hazmat employee and for 90 days thereafter. A hazmat employer must make a hazmat employee's record of current training available upon request, at a reasonable time and location, to an authorized official of the Department of Transportation or of an entity explicitly granted authority to enforce the HMR. The record must include:
使用固定来源版次；适用日期与例外以原文及历史沿革为准。Uses a fixed source edition; check the original and statutory history for operative dates and exceptions.
运输文件要正确，也要能立即找到Shipping papers must be compliant and readily accessible
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 除法定例外外，未收到符合要求的运输文件，不能接收或公路运输危险品。与其他文件混放时须明显标记或放在最前。驾驶员在驾驶位置时，须能系着安全带拿到，并符合可见或司机侧门内置文件架条件；离开驾驶位置后，放在规定门内文件架或驾驶座上。Unless an exception applies, do not accept or transport hazardous material by highway without compliant shipping papers. Clearly tab them or place them first among other papers. At the controls, the restrained driver must be able to reach them, with the required visibility or driver-door holder arrangement. Away from the controls, keep them in the specified door holder or on the driver’s seat.
(a) (a) General requirements. A person may not accept a hazardous material for transportation or transport a hazardous material by highway unless that person has received a shipping paper prepared in accordance with part 172 of this subchapter or the material is excepted from shipping paper requirements under this subchapter. A subsequent carrier may not transport a hazardous material unless it is accompanied by a shipping paper prepared in accordance with part 172 of this subchapter, except for § 172.204, which is not required.
(b) (b) Shipper certification. An initial carrier may not accept a hazardous material offered for transportation unless the shipping paper describing the material includes a shipper's certification which meets the requirements in § 172.204 of this subchapter. Except for a hazardous waste, the certification is not required for shipments to be transported entirely by private carriage and for bulk shipments to be transported in a cargo tank supplied by the carrier.
(d) (d) Applicability. This section does not apply to a material that is excepted from shipping paper requirements as specified in § 172.200 of this subchapter.
(e) (e) Shipping paper accessibility—accident or inspection. A driver of a motor vehicle containing hazardous material, and each carrier using such a vehicle, shall ensure that the shipping paper required by this section is readily available to, and recognizable by, authorities in the event of accident or inspection. Specifically, the driver and the carrier shall:
(e)(1) (1) Clearly distinguish the shipping paper, if it is carried with other shipping papers or other papers of any kind, by either distinctively tabbing it or by having it appear first; and
(e)(2) (2) Store the shipping paper as follows:
(e)(2)(i) (i) When the driver is at the vehicle's controls, the shipping paper shall be: (A) Within his immediate reach while he is restrained by the lap belt; and (B) either readily visible to a person entering the driver's compartment or in a holder which is mounted to the inside of the door on the driver's side of the vehicle.
(e)(2)(ii) (ii) When the driver is not at the vehicle's controls, the shipping paper shall be: (A) In a holder which is mounted to the inside of the door on the driver's side of the vehicle; or (B) on the driver's seat in the vehicle.
使用固定来源版次；适用日期与例外以原文及历史沿革为准。Uses a fixed source edition; check the original and statutory history for operative dates and exceptions.
贴牌不能只套一个总重量门槛Do not reduce placarding to one weight threshold
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 须根据 Table 1／Table 2、具体危险类别、包装形式、数量及特殊规则确定贴牌。小于 1,001 磅的例外有 Table 2、非散装及其他条件，不适用于所有危险品；混装时 DANGEROUS 牌也有条件，不能随意替换类别牌。Determine placarding from Table 1/Table 2, hazard class, packaging, quantity and special provisions. The under-1,001-pound exception has Table 2, non-bulk and other conditions; it is not universal. A DANGEROUS placard for mixed loads also has conditions and is not an arbitrary replacement for class-specific placards.
(a) (a) General. Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, each bulk packaging, freight container, unit load device, transport vehicle or rail car containing any quantity of a hazardous material must be placarded on each side and each end with the type of placards specified in tables 1 and 2 of this section and in accordance with other placarding requirements of this subpart, including the specifications for the placards named in the tables and described in detail in §§ 172.519 through 172.560.
(b) (b) DANGEROUS placard. A freight container, unit load device, transport vehicle, or rail car which contains non-bulk packages with two or more categories of hazardous materials that require different placards specified in table 2 of paragraph (e) of this section may be placarded with a DANGEROUS placard instead of the separate placarding specified for each of the materials in table 2 of paragraph (e) of this section. However, when 1,000 kg (2,205 pounds) aggregate gross weight or more of one category of material is loaded therein at one loading facility on a freight container, unit load device, transport vehicle, or rail car, the placard specified in table 2 of paragraph (e) of this section for that category must be applied.
(c) (c) Exception for less than 454 kg (1,001 pounds). Except for bulk packagings and hazardous materials subject to § 172.505, when hazardous materials covered by table 2 of this section are transported by highway or rail, placards are not required on—
(c)(1) (1) A transport vehicle or freight container which contains less than 454 kg (1001 pounds) aggregate gross weight of hazardous materials covered by table 2 of paragraph (e) of this section; or
(c)(2) (2) A rail car loaded with transport vehicles or freight containers, none of which is required to be placarded.
The exceptions provided in paragraph (c) of this section do not prohibit the display of placards in the manner prescribed in this subpart, if not otherwise prohibited (see § 172.502), on transport vehicles or freight containers which are not required to be placarded.
(d) Exceptions for empty packages. (1) Non-bulk. Except for hazardous materials subject to § 172.505, a non-bulk packaging that contains only the residue of a hazardous material covered by Table 2 of paragraph (e) of this section need not be included in determining placarding requirements.
(2) IBCs. Transport vehicles or freight containers used to transport empty IBCs in accordance with § 173.29(d) of this subchapter are not subject to placarding requirements of this part.
(e) (e) Placarding tables. Placards are specified for hazardous materials in accordance with the following tables:
Table 1 to Paragraph (e) Category of material (Hazard class or division number and additional description, as appropriate) Placard name Placard design section reference (§ ) 1.1 EXPLOSIVES 1.1 172.522 1.2 EXPLOSIVES 1.2 172.522 1.3 EXPLOSIVES 1.3 172.522 2.3 POISON GAS 172.540 4.3 DANGEROUS WHEN WET 172.548 5.2 (Organic peroxide, Type B, liquid or solid, temperature controlled) ORGANIC PEROXIDE 172.552 6.1 (material poisonous by inhalation (see § 171.8 of this subchapter)) POISON INHALATION HAZARD 172.555 7 (Radioactive Yellow III label only) RADIOACTIVE 1 172.556 1 RADIOACTIVE placards are also required for: All shipments of unpackaged LSA-I material or SCO-I; all shipments required by §§ 173.427, 173.441, and 173.457 of this subchapter to be operated under exclusive use; and all closed vehicles used in accordance with § 173.443(d).
Table 2 to Paragraph (e) Category of material (hazard class or division number and additional description, as appropriate) Placard name Placard design section reference (§ ) 1.4 EXPLOSIVES 1.4 172.523 1.5 EXPLOSIVES 1.5 172.524 1.6 EXPLOSIVES 1.6 172.525 2.1 FLAMMABLE GAS 172.532 2.2 NON-FLAMMABLE GAS 172.528 3 FLAMMABLE 172.542 Combustible liquid COMBUSTIBLE 172.544 4.1 FLAMMABLE SOLID 172.546 4.2 SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE 172.547 5.1 OXIDIZER 172.550 5.2 (Other than organic peroxide, Type B, liquid or solid, temperature controlled) ORGANIC PEROXIDE 172.552 6.1 (other than material poisonous by inhalation) POISON 172.554 6.2 NONE 8 CORROSIVE 172.558 9 CLASS 9 (see § 172.504(f)(9)) 172.560
使用固定来源版次；适用日期与例外以原文及历史沿革为准。Uses a fixed source edition; check the original and statutory history for operative dates and exceptions.
应急资料必须在货物存在期间立即可用Keep emergency information immediately available while the material is present
- 具体要求What the rule requires
- 适用业务须在危险品运输及有关装卸、运输附带储存环节，保持符合规定的应急资料可立即使用，并向处理事故或调查的政府响应人员提供所需信息。运输文件豁免与本分部例外须准确核对，不能只说“资料在办公室”。Covered operations must keep compliant emergency-response information immediately available during transport and relevant loading, unloading and storage incidental to transport, including for government incident responders or investigators. Check shipping-paper and subpart exceptions precisely; saying the information is at the office is insufficient.
(a) (a) Scope. Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, this subpart prescribes requirements for providing and maintaining emergency response information during transportation and at facilities where hazardous materials are loaded for transportation, stored incidental to transportation or otherwise handled during any phase of transportation.
(b) (b) Applicability. This subpart applies to persons who offer for transportation, accept for transportation, transfer or otherwise handle hazardous materials during transportation.
(c) (c) General requirements. No person to whom this subpart applies may offer for transportation, accept for transportation, transfer, store or otherwise handle during transportation a hazardous material unless:
(c)(1) (1) Emergency response information conforming to this subpart is immediately available for use at all times the hazardous material is present; and
(c)(2) (2) Emergency response information, including the emergency response telephone number, required by this subpart is immediately available to any person who, as a representative of a Federal, State or local government agency, responds to an incident involving a hazardous material, or is conducting an investigation which involves a hazardous material.
(d) Exceptions. The requirements of this subpart do not apply to hazardous material which is excepted from the shipping paper requirements of this subchapter.
使用固定来源版次；适用日期与例外以原文及历史沿革为准。Uses a fixed source edition; check the original and statutory history for operative dates and exceptions.
教学例子WORKED EXAMPLE
客户说数量不多，所以不用管危险品规则A customer says the quantity is too small to matter
教学场景：司机准备接一批标有危险品信息的货物，客户只提供 SDS，并说重量不大。Illustrative scenario: a driver is offered cargo bearing hazardous-material information, but the customer supplies only an SDS and says the load is small.
先确认正式分类和文件Confirm classification and transport documents
由具备相应职责和训练的人员核对货物分类、包装和所需运输文件，不自行凭产品名判定豁免。Have appropriately trained personnel verify classification, packaging and required shipping papers; do not infer an exception from the product name.
再核对贴牌和人员能力Then check placarding and personnel qualifications
按实际类别与包装核对数量门槛、贴牌、所需驾驶背书和训练；任何条件未确认前不按普通货物直接承运。Apply the actual class and packaging to placarding thresholds and check necessary driver endorsements and training; do not accept as ordinary freight while those conditions remain unresolved.
少量不等于无要求，SDS 也不自动替代运输文件。Small quantity does not mean no requirements, and an SDS does not automatically replace shipping papers.
实际工作中，最容易弄错的地方Common mistakes in day-to-day work
“危险品背书就是所有训练”“A hazmat endorsement covers all training”
驾驶资格背书与雇主负责的岗位训练、测试和记录是不同要求；本页只帮助识别应核对的事项。A driver endorsement and employer-managed function training, testing and records are distinct requirements; this page only identifies checks to make.
完整原文与来源Full text and sources
法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
§ 172.704 Training requirements.§ 172.704 Training requirements.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
展开英文原文Read the English original收起英文原文Hide the English original
正在加载本条英文原文…Loading this English original…
法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
§ 177.817 Shipping papers.§ 177.817 Shipping papers.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
展开英文原文Read the English original收起英文原文Hide the English original
正在加载本条英文原文…Loading this English original…
法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
§ 172.504 General placarding requirements.§ 172.504 General placarding requirements.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
展开英文原文Read the English original收起英文原文Hide the English original
正在加载本条英文原文…Loading this English original…
法规原文 · 英文REGULATION TEXT · ENGLISH
§ 172.600 Applicability and general requirements.§ 172.600 Applicability and general requirements.
官方来源快照；不代表已核对现行汇编及后续修订。请核对来源版本。Official-source snapshot; current consolidated law and subsequent amendments have not been verified.
展开英文原文Read the English original收起英文原文Hide the English original
正在加载本条英文原文…Loading this English original…
依据关联的官方原文及官方项目说明起草。中文和英文解读均为 CTAC AI 辅助工作稿，未经人工审核；教学案例不是实际会员记录。采集日期不是法规生效日期。Drafted from linked official texts and agency guidance. Both language interpretations are CTAC AI-assisted drafts pending human review; examples are illustrative, not member records. Capture dates are not legal effective dates.