术语词典Trucking Glossary

把可收取的运费账款转给保理公司，由它按合同先付一部分或全部款项，再向欠款方收款。这样能提前拿到钱，但会有费用；能先拿多少、何时到账、是否留保证款，都要看合同。Transferring freight receivables to a factoring company, which pays an agreed amount in advance and collects from the debtor. It can accelerate cash flow at a cost; advance amount, timing, and any reserve depend on the contract.

Recourse（有追索）通常意味着收不回款时，保理方可按合同向你追回垫款；Non-recourse（无追索）也要看它具体承担哪些不付款风险，不等于所有争议都不用你负责。Recourse generally allows the factor to recover an unpaid advance from you under the contract. For non-recourse, check exactly which non-payment risks are covered; the label does not eliminate every contractual responsibility.

经纪或其他付款方提供的提前付款选项，通常通过扣一笔费用或运费折扣换取更快付款。到账时间、收费和所需单据各有不同，不能只凭“快付”两个字判断。An early-payment option offered by a broker or other payer, usually for a fee or discount from the freight bill. Timing, cost, and required documents vary; “Quick Pay” alone does not state those terms.

确认什么时候开始计时、需要哪些完整单据，以及扣费后实收多少，再和正常账期比较。Confirm when the payment clock starts, which complete documents are required, and the net amount after fees, then compare with the standard terms.

付款账期写法。Net 30 通常指发票日起 30 天内付清，Net 60 则是 60 天；运输合同也可能约定收到完整单据后才开始计时。先看约定从哪一天算，不能直接按卸货那天往后数。Payment terms. Net 30 ordinarily means full payment within 30 days of the invoice date; Net 60 means 60 days. A transport agreement may instead start the clock when complete documents are received. Check the agreed starting date rather than simply counting from delivery.

基本运费之外，用来反映燃油成本变化的费用，常简称 FSC。有些约定参考 EIA 公布的柴油价格，但 EIA 不规定统一收费公式；先确认报价是否已含燃油费，避免重复相加。A charge reflecting changes in fuel costs, often called FSC. Some agreements use EIA diesel-price data, but EIA does not set a universal surcharge formula. Check whether a quoted rate already includes fuel before adding it again.

Rate per Mile：运费收入除以所采用的里程。要先问清是只算载货里程，还是把空驶也算上；“all-in”常表示报价包含燃油附加费等费用，并不自动说明里程含空驶。Rate per Mile: freight revenue divided by the mileage used. Check whether that means loaded miles or loaded plus empty miles. “All-in” commonly concerns included charges, such as fuel, and does not automatically specify that deadhead miles are included.

算术例子：收入 $1,200，载货 400 英里、另空驶 100 英里，只按载货算是 $3/英里；按全部 500 英里算是 $2.40/英里。Arithmetic example: $1,200 revenue over 400 loaded miles is $3/mile. Adding 100 empty miles makes it $2.40 per total mile.

Cost per Mile：选定期间的运营成本除以同一期间的总行驶里程。不要只算油钱，还要按实际情况计入维修、轮胎、保险、车辆成本等。司机工资里的 CPM 也可能指 cents per mile（每英里几美分），要看上下文。Cost per Mile: operating costs for a period divided by total miles for the same period. Include relevant costs beyond fuel, such as maintenance, tires, insurance, and vehicle costs. In driver-pay discussions, CPM may instead mean cents per mile; check the context.

与 RPM 比较时，先统一收入、成本和里程口径。没有算进去的固定支出或空驶，会让看起来的“利润”偏高。Compare with RPM only after aligning revenue, cost, and mileage definitions. Omitted fixed expenses or deadhead can overstate the apparent margin.

列出本期收入、扣款和应付净额的结算明细。在挂靠车队的例子中，可看到运费收入减去合同约定扣款后的数额。结算单显示应付多少，不等于钱已到账，也不等于扣完全部经营成本后的利润。A statement listing earnings, deductions, and the net amount payable for a period. In a leased owner-operator example, it shows revenue less contractual deductions. An amount shown as payable is not proof of bank payment or profit after all business expenses.

在车队租赁安排里，按约定暂时留存、用于指定事项的一笔钱，可能从结算中逐次扣存。先看收多少、能扣哪些项目、怎么对账和退还；它不等于车队可以随意扣掉的费用。In a carrier lease, money held under agreed terms for specified purposes, sometimes accumulated through settlement deductions. Check the required amount, permitted uses, accounting, and return conditions; it is not an unrestricted carrier charge.

适用 49 CFR 376.12(k) 的租赁有专门要求，包括账目、利息和返还条件；其中规定终止租赁后最迟 45 天返还，并对允许扣除的项目提供最终明细。Leases subject to 49 CFR 376.12(k) have accounting, interest, and return requirements. These include return no later than 45 days after termination, with a final accounting of permitted deductions.

IFTA 持证经营者向基准辖区按季汇总申报行驶里程和燃油资料，用来分配成员州、省的燃油税，并核算应补税或抵扣。不是每跨一个州就把同一笔税重新缴一遍；要保留里程和符合要求的购油凭据。An IFTA licensee’s quarterly filing to its base jurisdiction, reporting mileage and fuel data to allocate tax among member states and provinces and calculate tax due or credits. It is not simply paying the same tax again at each border; retain mileage and qualifying fuel-purchase records.

美国联邦重型公路车辆使用税，通常涉及在公共道路使用、应税总重达到 55,000 磅的车辆，通过 Form 2290 申报。“应税总重”按 IRS 规则计算，不是只看当天过磅数；符合低里程等条件的车辆可能申报暂缓缴税。A federal highway-use tax generally involving vehicles used on public roads with a taxable gross weight of at least 55,000 pounds, reported on Form 2290. Taxable gross weight follows IRS rules, not just a scale reading; qualifying low-mileage use may allow suspension of the tax.

盖章或电子水印的 Schedule 1 常用于车辆登记时证明已办理相关申报。它也可能记录暂缓纳税车辆，不能一概当作已缴税凭证；特殊情况和期限看 IRS 当前说明。A stamped or electronically watermarked Schedule 1 is commonly used for vehicle registration. It may list tax-suspended vehicles, so it is not always proof of tax payment; check current IRS instructions for deadlines and exceptions.

也叫：Also: 2290 · Heavy Vehicle Use Tax

向付款方列明“这次收什么钱、收多少、按什么账期付”的账单。在美国运输业务里，Invoice 常用于请款；它不是提单，也不能只凭有这张单子就认定已经收款。A bill listing what is being charged, the amount, and payment terms. In U.S. freight work an invoice is commonly used to request payment; it is not a bill of lading or, by itself, proof that payment was received.

按付款方要求配齐签收凭证等材料，核对费用和收款安排。Receipt 通常表示收据，POD 表示交付凭证，作用不同。Provide required supporting records such as the POD and check the charges and payment arrangements. A receipt and a POD serve different purposes from the invoice.

也叫：Also: 运费账单 · 请款单 · 发票 · freight invoice · billing invoice

在报价或账单里，通常指基本运输费，燃油附加费和其他附加费可能另外列出。在运营描述里也可指城市或货运站之间的干线运输，要看它出现在哪里。On a quote or bill, linehaul commonly means the base transportation charge, with fuel and accessorials potentially listed separately. In operations it can also mean transport between cities or terminals; context matters.

比较两个报价前，确认是否已经含燃油和附加费。不要把 linehaul 当作最后实收，更不能直接当作利润。Before comparing quotes, check whether fuel and extra charges are included. Linehaul is not necessarily the final amount received or profit.

也叫：Also: 基础运费 · 干线运费 · 基本运费 · line haul · line-haul