术语词典Trucking Glossary

联邦车辆分级中最高一档，GVWR > 33,000 磅。我们做的就是 Class 8 这一行。The heaviest federal vehicle class, GVWR > 33,000 lbs. This is the segment our association serves.

也叫：Also: 重卡 · 大卡车 · heavy-duty truck

拉挂车的动力部分，带发动机和驾驶室。常见品牌：Freightliner、Kenworth、Peterbilt、Volvo、Mack、International。The powered front unit that pulls the trailer — engine + cab. Common brands: Freightliner, Kenworth, Peterbilt, Volvo, Mack, International.

也叫：Also: 车头 · power unit

无动力的载货部分，靠 tractor 牵引。按用途分 dry van、reefer、flatbed、tanker 等。The unpowered cargo unit towed by the tractor. Types include dry van, reefer, flatbed, tanker, etc.

带温控设备的挂车，用于需要指定温度条件的货物，如食品或药品。不同设备可以制冷，有些也能加热；设定温度、运行模式和供能方式要按货物要求及设备说明确认。A temperature-controlled trailer for freight such as food or pharmaceuticals. Equipment may cool and, on some units, heat. Confirm the setpoint, operating mode, and power arrangements using the shipment instructions and equipment manual.

也叫：Also: 冷链车 · refrigerated trailer

最常见的封闭厢式挂车，运常温干货（电商包裹、零售商品、纸箱等）。The most common enclosed trailer — for dry, room-temperature freight (e-commerce, retail, boxed goods).

无车厢、平板式挂车，运超大件、建材、钢材等。要求司机熟悉绑扎（securement）规范。An open flat platform trailer for oversized loads, building materials, steel, etc. Requires strong cargo securement skills.

前后相邻的一组双轴，可以出现在牵引车上，也可以出现在挂车上。带滑动机构的挂车双轴组可按要求前后调整，以改变各轴承重；不是所有 tandem 都能滑动。A group of two closely spaced axles, found on tractors as well as trailers. A trailer tandem equipped with a sliding mechanism can be repositioned as permitted to change axle-load distribution; not every tandem slides.

也叫：Also: 后双桥

牵引车后部的圆盘锁扣装置，与挂车的 kingpin 连接。The disk-shaped coupling on the tractor that locks onto the trailer's kingpin.

挂车前部的金属销，插入 tractor 的 fifth wheel 完成连接。The metal pin on the front of the trailer that locks into the tractor's fifth wheel.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating：厂家为单辆车规定的满载总重上限，包含车本身、人员、燃油和货物。它不是这次过磅的实际重量，也不是“还能装多少货”；道路限重、轴重和整车组合要求还要分别核对。Gross Vehicle Weight Rating: the manufacturer’s loaded-weight rating for a single vehicle, including the vehicle, people, fuel, and cargo. It is not the current scale weight or cargo capacity. Road, axle, and combination-weight limits must be checked separately.

也叫：Also: 满载额定重 · Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

Diesel Particulate Filter：过滤柴油尾气中颗粒物的装置。“再生”（regen）主要烧掉积累的烟灰；不能烧掉的积灰仍可能需要按厂家要求清洗。堵塞或故障可能导致动力受限。Diesel Particulate Filter: a device trapping particles in diesel exhaust. Regeneration burns off accumulated soot; remaining ash may require cleaning according to the manufacturer. Restriction or faults can reduce available engine power.

按仪表提示和对应车型手册处理。停车再生会产生高温，不要把通用词条当作操作步骤，也不要自行套用固定时间表。Follow the dashboard instructions and the applicable vehicle manual. Parked regeneration creates high temperatures; this definition is not an operating procedure or a universal schedule.

也叫：Also: Diesel Particulate Filter

Diesel Exhaust Fluid：尾气处理用的尿素溶液，供 SCR 系统减少氮氧化物排放，加入专用 DEF 箱，不是柴油添加剂。液位过低、液质或系统故障可能触发警报及动力/速度限制，具体反应取决于车型和软件。Diesel Exhaust Fluid: a urea solution used by the SCR exhaust-treatment system to reduce nitrogen oxides. It goes in a dedicated DEF tank, not in diesel fuel. Low level, quality issues, or system faults can trigger warnings and power or speed limits depending on the vehicle and software.

也叫：Also: 车用尿素 · Diesel Exhaust Fluid · AdBlue

Auxiliary Power Unit：停车时给驾驶室空调、暖气或电器供能的辅助装置，可减少主发动机怠速。可能使用柴油机或电池；装了 APU 不等于自动满足加州规定，设备排放要求和使用限制仍要核对。Auxiliary Power Unit: equipment supplying cab climate control or electrical power while parked, reducing main-engine idling. It may use diesel or batteries. Having an APU does not automatically satisfy California requirements; equipment emissions and operating restrictions still apply.

也叫：Also: Auxiliary Power Unit

冷藏设备控制器要维持的目标温度。它是设定目标，不是货物当前实测温度，也不保证车厢每一处温度相同；看到设定值正常，仍不能直接认定货物温度合格。The target temperature entered into a refrigeration controller. It is not the measured cargo temperature and does not guarantee uniform temperature throughout the trailer. A correct setpoint alone does not establish acceptable cargo temperature.

按本票货物书面要求确认温度、华氏或摄氏单位，以及运行模式；不照搬上一票货的设置。Confirm the shipment’s written temperature, °F or °C, and operating-mode instructions rather than reusing the previous load’s settings.

也叫：Also: 设定温度 · 冷机温度 · 设定值 · setpoint · set point · temperature setting

以压缩空气驱动车辆制动的系统，通常包括行车制动（正常踩刹车）、驻车制动和故障时使用的紧急制动功能。CDL 上的“无气刹”限制与考试车辆和资格有关，不应把它误称为单独的气刹证书或背书。A braking system that uses compressed air, generally including service brakes for normal stops, parking brakes, and emergency braking functions for a system failure. A CDL “no air brakes” restriction relates to qualification and the test vehicle; it is not a separate air-brake certificate or endorsement.

气压表、低压警报、漏气或制动反应异常都需要认真处理。按车辆和车队要求做出车前检查；通过气刹知识考试不代表当天这套制动系统一定安全。Treat abnormal gauges, low-pressure warnings, air leakage, or brake response seriously. Perform the vehicle- and carrier-specific pre-trip check; passing air-brake knowledge testing does not prove that today's brake system is safe.

也叫：Also: 空气制动 · 气压制动 · air brake system · pneumatic brakes

紧急或重刹时自动调节制动压力，帮助车轮避免抱死并让司机保持方向控制的系统。ABS 不保证在所有路面缩短停车距离，也不能增加轮胎抓地力或代替正常制动操作；牵引车与挂车可各有自己的系统和故障灯。A system that modulates brake pressure during hard braking to help prevent wheel lock and preserve steering control. ABS does not guarantee a shorter stop on every surface, create tire traction, or replace normal braking technique; tractor and trailer systems may have separate warning indicators.

启动车辆时识别牵引车和挂车对应的 ABS 灯；灯一直亮、该亮不亮或行驶中亮起时，按车辆与车队要求检查或报修，不要把 ABS 当成制动距离保险。Know which ABS lamps correspond to the tractor and trailer. If a lamp stays on, fails to illuminate when expected, or comes on while driving, follow vehicle and carrier inspection or repair steps; ABS is not a guarantee of stopping distance.

也叫：Also: 防锁死刹车 · 防抱死系统 · anti-lock brakes · antilock brakes