术语词典Trucking Glossary

FMCSA 用来识别运营主体并关联安全记录的编号。是否需要申请，要按车辆和运营情况核对联邦及适用州的要求；有 USDOT 号本身不证明具备某项业务的经营资质。An FMCSA identifier used to associate an entity with safety records. Whether one is required depends on the vehicle and operation under federal and applicable state rules. A USDOT number alone does not establish operating authority for a particular service.

MC 号是常见于 FMCSA 经营资质档案的编号。是否需要经营资质、需要哪种类型，取决于业务角色与运输内容。核对时还要看法定实体、资质类型及当前状态，不能只看有没有一串号码。An MC number is a familiar identifier in FMCSA operating-authority records. The need for authority and its type depend on the business role and operation. Check the legal entity, authority type, and current status rather than relying on the presence of a number.

也叫：Also: MC 牌照 · Authority · operating authority

美国联邦运输部下属机构，主管商用卡车与客车的安全监管，制定 FMCSR（49 CFR Part 350–399）。The federal agency under DOT that regulates commercial truck/bus safety and writes the FMCSR (49 CFR Part 350–399).

由州签发、用于驾驶达到 CDL 门槛的商用机动车的驾照。联邦分类按车辆额定重量与实际重量的较高者判断：Class A 是总组合重量达到 26,001 磅，且被牵引单元超过 10,000 磅的组合；Class B 是达到 26,001 磅的单车，或该车牵引不超过 10,000 磅的车辆；Class C 是不属于 A/B、但设计载客 16 人以上（含司机）或运输须挂牌危险品等规定车辆。附加签注和限制也要另行核对。A state-issued license for operating vehicles that meet CDL thresholds. Federal classes use the weight rating or actual weight, whichever is greater: Class A covers a combination of 26,001 pounds or more with a towed unit over 10,000 pounds; Class B covers a single vehicle of 26,001 pounds or more, or such a vehicle towing 10,000 pounds or less; Class C covers a vehicle outside A/B designed to carry 16 or more people including the driver, or that transports placarded hazardous materials or specified agents. Endorsements and restrictions must also be checked.

也叫：Also: 商业驾照 · Commercial Driver's License

州政府在联邦规则允许的特定情形下，向住所不在签发州的合格申请人签发的 CLP 或 CDL。“Non-domiciled”描述的是住所与签发辖区的关系，并不等同于所有非公民或非永久居民。A CLP or CDL issued by a State, in a situation allowed by federal rules, to an otherwise eligible applicant whose domicile is outside the issuing State. “Non-domiciled” describes the relationship between domicile and the issuing jurisdiction; it is not a label for every noncitizen or non-permanent resident.

按 2026 年 3 月 16 日生效的联邦规则，住所位于外国的申请人通常须证明符合 H-2A、H-2B 或 E-2 身份；证件有效期不得超过经核验的获准停留期限或一年，以较短者为准。申请、续期或转州前，应核对 FMCSA 最新规则及签发州是否已恢复并符合签发要求。Under the federal rule effective March 16, 2026, foreign-domiciled applicants generally must show eligible H-2A, H-2B, or E-2 status. The credential may not outlast the verified authorized stay or one year, whichever is shorter. Before applying, renewing, or transferring, check the current FMCSA rule and whether the issuing State is authorized and ready to issue it.

也叫：Also: 非永居 CDL

记录司机值勤状态的电子设备。联邦规则通常要求需要保留值勤状态记录（RODS）的司机使用 ELD，但存在适用例外。An electronic device used to record driver duty status. Federal rules generally require ELDs for drivers who must keep records of duty status (RODS), subject to exceptions.

ELD 是记录工具，HOS 是时间规则；使用 ELD 本身并不代表已符合 HOS。ELD is the recording tool; HOS is the set of time limits. Using an ELD does not by itself establish HOS compliance.

也叫：Also: Electronic Logging Device

联邦对商业司机驾驶时间、值勤时间和休息的规则（49 CFR Part 395）。一般货运规则下，连续休息 10 小时后最多驾驶 11 小时，且受上岗后 14 小时驾驶窗口约束。Federal rules governing commercial drivers’ driving, duty time, and rest (49 CFR Part 395). Under the general property-carrier rules, 10 consecutive hours off duty permit up to 11 hours of driving within a 14-hour window after coming on duty.

11 小时不是可以连续驾驶 11 小时；14 小时也不是所有工作的统一上限。还须核对休息间隔、周累计限制及适用例外。The 11-hour limit does not authorize 11 uninterrupted driving hours; the 14-hour window is not a blanket limit on all work. Break requirements, weekly limits, and applicable exceptions also matter.

也叫：Also: 驾驶时长法规

记录司机当日各时段状态（驾驶/值勤/休息/睡铺）的日志，今日多由 ELD 电子记录。The record of a driver's daily status segments (driving/on-duty/off/sleeper) — now mostly maintained by an ELD.

这里记录的是值勤状态；ELD 是一种记录工具。不要把“记录完整”与“驾驶时间合规”混为一谈。The log records duty status; an ELD is a recording tool. Complete records and compliance with driving limits are different checks.

司机车辆检查报告，用于记录发现或获知的、可能影响安全或导致机械故障的车辆缺陷。它与驾驶前确认车辆可安全运行的检查是不同事项。A Driver Vehicle Inspection Report records vehicle defects discovered by or reported to the driver that could affect safety or cause a breakdown. It is distinct from the pre-trip check that the vehicle is safe to operate.

联邦一般规则下，无缺陷不要求填写 DVIR，并另有适用例外；这不等于可以省略驾驶前检查。州规定和承运人要求仍需分别核对。Under the general federal rule, no DVIR is required when no defect is found or reported; other exceptions also apply. This does not remove pre-trip inspection duties. Check state and carrier requirements separately.

也叫：Also: Driver Vehicle Inspection Report

对受 49 CFR Part 391 约束的司机，承运人保存的司机资质档案。按司机情况，档案可包括求职申请、驾驶记录（MVR）、路考或等效证明、年度驾驶记录审查，以及体检资格或豁免资料。The qualification file a motor carrier keeps for a driver subject to 49 CFR Part 391. Depending on the driver, it can include the employment application, motor vehicle records, a road-test certificate or accepted equivalent, annual driving-record review, and medical-qualification or variance records.

不要套用一个固定的“11 项”清单。Clearinghouse 的雇前和年度查询也可能与司机档案一起管理，但它们是 49 CFR Part 382 下的独立义务。Do not rely on a universal “11-item” checklist. Clearinghouse pre-employment and annual query records may be managed with driver files, but the query duties are separate requirements under 49 CFR Part 382.

也叫：Also: Driver Qualification File

FMCSA 注册体检医生签发的 Medical Examiner’s Certificate（MEC），用来证明受规则约束的司机符合联邦身体资格要求。它通常适用于从事非豁免跨州运输的商用车司机：不是每个 CDL 持有人都需要，有些不需要 CDL 的商用车司机反而也需要；只在州内运营还要看州规则。The Medical Examiner’s Certificate (MEC) issued by an FMCSA-listed medical examiner to show that a covered driver meets the federal physical-qualification standards. It generally applies to non-excepted interstate CMV drivers: not every CDL holder needs one, and some covered CMV drivers who do not need a CDL still do. Intrastate rules depend on the State.

联邦 MEC 最长可签两年，体检医生可按健康情况签发更短期限。是否需要和如何向州驾照机构备案，应按司机自我申报的运营类别核对。A federal MEC may be issued for no more than two years, and the examiner may set a shorter period. Need and filing steps depend on the driver’s self-certified operating category.

也叫：Also: 医疗卡 · Med Card · MEC

合格车辆在两个或以上 IFTA 成员州/省运营时使用的燃油使用税申报制度。承运人向基准辖区提交一份季度申报，按各辖区行驶里程和燃油使用/购入情况结算应缴税或抵扣。A fuel-use tax reporting system for qualified vehicles operating in two or more IFTA member States or Provinces. The carrier files one quarterly return with its base jurisdiction, using distance traveled and fuel used or purchased in each jurisdiction to settle tax or credits.

IFTA 处理燃油使用税，不是车辆牌照；车辆是否达到合格车辆门槛、是否可改用单次行程许可，要按基准辖区规则核对。IFTA covers fuel-use tax, not vehicle registration. Check the base jurisdiction’s qualified-vehicle thresholds and whether a trip permit is available for occasional travel.

也叫：Also: International Fuel Tax Agreement

车队在两个以上 IRP 成员州或省运营、车辆符合 IRP 条件时使用的跨辖区牌照制度。车队向主要运营并保存记录的基准辖区申请；该辖区发放一套分摊牌照和随车注册卡（cab card），再按车辆在各地的行驶距离分配注册费。加州基准车队由 California DMV 办理。A cross-jurisdiction registration program used when a fleet operates qualifying vehicles in two or more IRP member States or Provinces. The fleet applies through the base jurisdiction where it has an established operation and keeps records; that jurisdiction issues one apportioned plate and cab card and allocates fees using distance by jurisdiction. California-based fleets file with the California DMV.

IRP 是车辆注册安排，不替代 USDOT/经营资质、UCR 或 IFTA。仅在加州运营的车辆不符合 IRP 注册条件。IRP is vehicle registration; it does not replace USDOT or operating authority, UCR, or IFTA. A vehicle operating only in California does not qualify for IRP registration.

也叫：Also: apportioned plate · International Registration Plan

适用的州际或国际承运人、私人承运人、货代、经纪和租赁公司每年办理的统一注册及费用。承运人和运营商用车的货代通常按商用车数量分档；不运营商用车的经纪、租赁公司和货代缴最低档。An annual registration and fee for covered interstate or international motor carriers, private carriers, freight forwarders, brokers, and leasing companies. Motor carriers and freight forwarders that operate commercial vehicles generally pay by fleet-size bracket; brokers, leasing companies, and freight forwarders with no commercial vehicles pay the lowest bracket.

UCR 没有要求随车携带或展示一张 UCR 证件；是否适用要看业务角色和州际/国际运输关系。UCR does not require a credential to be carried in or displayed on the vehicle. Applicability depends on the entity’s role and its interstate or international commerce.

也叫：Also: Unified Carrier Registration

FMCSA 的数据复核系统，司机、承运人及其代表可请求并跟踪对 FMCSA 所存联邦或州路检、违规和事故数据中不完整或错误信息的审查。FMCSA’s data-review system, where drivers, motor carriers, and their representatives can request and track review of incomplete or incorrect Federal or State inspection, violation, and crash data stored by FMCSA.

FMCSA 事故记录表示车辆涉及事故，本身不等于认定责任。只有符合 Crash Preventability Determination Program 条件的事故，才可通过 DataQs 提交可预防性复核；普通 DataQs 请求也不替代对罚单的州级司法或行政程序。An FMCSA crash record shows involvement, not a finding of fault. Preventability review through DataQs is limited to crashes eligible for the Crash Preventability Determination Program, and a regular DataQs request does not replace State judicial or administrative procedures for contesting a citation.

FMCSA 的 Safety Measurement System（SMS）把承运人的路检、州报事故和调查数据分成七类安全问题。数据足够时，系统先算该承运人在每一类的表现值，再与安全事件数量相近的承运人比较，得到 0–100 的相对排名，用来安排监管干预优先级；它不是一个统一的“CSA 总分”。FMCSA’s Safety Measurement System (SMS) groups carrier roadside-inspection, State-reported crash, and investigation data into seven safety categories. Where enough data exist, it calculates performance in each category and then a 0–100 percentile relative to carriers with a similar number of safety events, to prioritize interventions. It is not one overall “CSA score.”

相对排名越接近 100，表示在同组内表现越差；没有足够数据时不会形成该类排名。这个排名用于筛选监管对象，不是 FMCSA 对承运人作出的正式安全合格评级。事故数据先记录涉事，并不自动表示承运人有过错。A percentile closer to 100 indicates worse relative performance within the comparison group; no percentile is assigned without sufficient data. It helps prioritize oversight and is not FMCSA’s formal safety fitness rating. Crash data record involvement and do not automatically assign fault to the carrier.

也叫：Also: Compliance, Safety, Accountability

停止运行命令，可以针对司机或车辆。在满足命令和适用规则规定的恢复条件前，不得继续相应驾驶或车辆运行。An order restricting a driver or vehicle from operation until the conditions required by the order and applicable rules are met.

车辆缺陷可能需要维修，司机的时间违规可能需要休息；OOS 不只是“扣车”，也不等于每次路检罚单。A vehicle defect may require repair, while a driver’s hours violation may require rest. OOS is not simply vehicle impoundment, and not every roadside citation is an OOS order.

也叫：Also: 路检扣车

FMCSA 集中记录受联邦毒品酒精项目约束的 CDL/CLP 司机违规及 return-to-duty 状态的数据库。雇主用查询确认现任或拟雇司机是否因尚未解决的违规而不得从事驾驶等安全敏感工作。FMCSA’s central database of drug-and-alcohol program violations and return-to-duty status for CDL/CLP drivers subject to the federal program. Employers query it to determine whether a current or prospective driver is prohibited from safety-sensitive work because of an unresolved violation.

雇主须在司机首次从事安全敏感工作前完成 full query，并至少每年查询现任司机；查询类型不同，司机同意方式也不同。Clearinghouse 查询不能替代雇主其他检测和记录义务。An employer must complete a full query before the driver first performs safety-sensitive work and query each current driver at least annually. Consent differs by query type, and a Clearinghouse query does not replace the employer’s other testing and recordkeeping duties.

也叫：Also: FMCSA Clearinghouse

加州主管空气污染与车辆排放的州级机构，对卡车排放/电动化政策影响巨大（如 Clean Truck Check、ACF）。California's state agency for air quality and vehicle emissions. Major impact on truck rules including Clean Truck Check and ACF.

也叫：Also: California Air Resources Board

CARB 针对适用重型车辆的排放合规项目，包括年度合规费和按车辆情况安排的排放检测；检测方式不只有 OBD。CARB’s emissions compliance program for covered heavy-duty vehicles, including an annual compliance fee and vehicle-specific testing requirements. Testing is not limited to OBD.

年度缴费与检测周期不同；车辆适用条件、检测方式及实际截止日应分别核对 CARB 和 CTC-VIS。An annual fee does not imply annual testing. Check CARB and CTC-VIS for applicability, test method, and actual deadlines.

也叫：Also: 加州重型车排放检测 · Heavy-Duty Inspection and Maintenance

车辆自带、监测排放和动力系统并保存诊断故障码的电子诊断系统。对适用且配备 OBD 的车辆，Clean Truck Check 可通过认证设备读取并提交 OBD 排放数据；不适用 OBD 的车辆按其他检测程序办理。The vehicle’s onboard electronic diagnostic system, which monitors emissions and powertrain systems and stores diagnostic trouble codes. For covered OBD-equipped vehicles, Clean Truck Check can use a certified device to read and submit OBD emissions data; vehicles not tested through OBD follow other test procedures.

OBD 故障码是诊断线索，不等于已经确定故障原因；CTC 适用条件和检测方式应按车辆信息在 CARB/CTC-VIS 核对。An OBD trouble code is a diagnostic clue, not a final diagnosis. Confirm Clean Truck Check applicability and test method from the vehicle record in CARB/CTC-VIS.

也叫：Also: On-Board Diagnostics

Motor Carrier Identification Report，主要用于更新既有 USDOT 号对应的企业/运营资料，包括完成两年一次的资料更新；首次申请 USDOT 号应使用 FMCSA 当前的新注册系统。The Motor Carrier Identification Report, used mainly to update the company and operating information tied to an existing USDOT number, including the biennial update. First-time USDOT applicants use FMCSA’s current new-registration system.

即使资料没有变化，两年一次的更新要求通常仍存在；企业名称、地址等变化也应及时更新。FMCSA 在 2026 年注册系统过渡期间另有临时执行安排，实际提交前应查最新通知。The biennial update is generally required even when nothing changed, and legal name, address, or other record changes should be updated promptly. FMCSA has temporary enforcement arrangements during its 2026 registration-system transition, so check the current notice before filing.

加州判断劳动者是雇员还是独立承包人的法律框架之一。许多情形从“劳动者是雇员”的推定出发，由用工方证明 ABC 三项条件；法定职业或业务关系例外可能改用 Borello 等其他标准。One part of California’s framework for deciding whether a worker is an employee or an independent contractor. In many situations, the worker is presumed to be an employee and the hiring entity must prove all three parts of the ABC test; statutory occupation or business-relationship exceptions may use the Borello or another standard instead.

自带卡车、收到 1099，或合同写着 independent contractor/owner-operator，都不能单独决定分类；要看实际工作关系和适用的法定标准。Owning the truck, receiving a Form 1099, or signing an independent-contractor or owner-operator agreement does not by itself decide classification. The actual working relationship and the applicable legal test control.

California Highway Patrol（CHP）向在加州公路上商业运营机动车的 motor carrier 签发的承运人识别号。它识别运营主体，不是某一辆车的注册号，也不等同于经营许可。A carrier identification number issued by the California Highway Patrol (CHP) to a motor carrier operating motor vehicles commercially on California highways. It identifies the operating entity; it is not a particular vehicle’s registration number or operating authority.

许多财产承运人须先取得 CA number，再另向 California DMV 申请 Motor Carrier Permit（MCP）。是否需要、号码如何展示，取决于业务和车辆，应分别核对 CHP 与 DMV 要求。Many property carriers must obtain a CA number and then separately apply to the California DMV for a Motor Carrier Permit (MCP). Need and display rules depend on the operation and vehicle, so check CHP and DMV requirements separately.

有资质的执法检查人员在路边或检查站开展的商用车合规检查。检查范围依类型而异，可涉及司机、文件及车辆状况。A commercial-vehicle compliance inspection conducted by authorized enforcement personnel at roadside or an inspection facility. Its scope varies and may cover the driver, documents, and vehicle condition.

路检、车辆定期检查和司机驾驶前检查是不同事项，不能仅凭做过其中一项就认定其他要求也已满足。Roadside inspections, periodic vehicle inspections, and driver pre-trip checks serve different purposes. Completing one does not automatically satisfy the others.

也叫：Also: 路检

首次与某个经纪或客户合作时，用来登记车队资料、核对资质、保险和付款安排的一组文件或在线表格。各家要求不同；完成入驻不等于拿到政府经营资质，也不保证一定有货。A set of documents or online forms used when onboarding with a broker or customer to check carrier information, authority, insurance, and payment arrangements. Requirements vary; completing setup neither grants government authority nor guarantees loads.

由获授权人员核实接收方并提供资料；司机接到资料请求时，先转交车队负责人员。An authorized person should verify the recipient and provide the records. A driver receiving the request should refer it to the responsible carrier staff.

也叫：Also: 承运人资料包 · 车队入驻 · 开户注册 · carrier onboarding · setup packet · carrier setup packet

司机出车前确认车辆处于安全可运行状态的检查，通常会看车辆、挂车、制动、轮胎、灯具、联结和货物固定等项目。它是开车前的安全判断，不等于已经填写 DVIR，也不等于执法路检或定期检查。A driver's check before operating to confirm that the vehicle is in safe working condition, commonly covering the tractor, trailer, brakes, tires, lights, coupling, and cargo securement. It is a pre-driving safety judgment, not the same as completing a DVIR, a roadside inspection, or a periodic inspection.

先查看上一份 DVIR（司机车检报告，如适用）和未修缺陷，再按车型与车队清单检查。发现影响安全的问题时，不要把“已经记录”误当成“可以继续开”。Review the previous DVIR when applicable and any unrepaired defects, then use the checklist for the vehicle and carrier. If a defect affects safety, recording it does not by itself make the vehicle safe to drive.

也叫：Also: 行前检查 · 驾驶前检查 · pretrip · pre-trip check · vehicle inspection before driving

车辆和货物通过某一车轴或一组车轴施加在路面的重量。总重合规不代表每个轴重都合规；轴距、轮胎额定载荷、州法、路线限制或许可条件都可能影响允许重量。The weight that a vehicle and its cargo place on the road through one axle or an axle group. A legal gross weight does not prove every axle is legal; axle spacing, tire ratings, state law, route restrictions, and permit conditions can all affect the allowed weight.

装货后同时看各轴组读数和总重。前后分配不均时，先向装货方或车队确认能否调整；不要只凭提单重量、柜重或 GVWR（总重额定值）判断可以上路。After loading, review each axle-group reading as well as gross weight. If the load is distributed poorly, ask the shipper or carrier whether it can be adjusted; a BOL weight, container weight, or GVWR alone does not establish road legality.

也叫：Also: 车轴重量 · 轴荷 · axle load · axle group weight

车辆过磅后由秤站或称重系统出具的记录，通常列示车辆识别信息、称重时间及各轴组或总重；由持证称重员（weighmaster）签发的可能是正式重量证书。它记录当次称重结果，不是装货许可、道路通行许可或超重豁免。A record issued after a vehicle is weighed, commonly showing vehicle identifiers, weighing time, and axle-group or gross weights; a licensed weighmaster may issue a formal weight certificate. It records that weighing event and is not permission to load, a road permit, or an overweight exemption.

离开前核对车号或挂车号、各轴与总重、日期时间。信息与实际组合不符时，应重磅或问清；拿到磅单不代表装载、轴重和路线已经合法。Before leaving, check the truck or trailer identifier, axle and gross weights, and date and time. Reweigh or clarify mismatches; possession of a ticket does not establish that the load, axle weights, or route are legal.

也叫：Also: 过磅单 · 称重单 · 重量票 · weigh ticket · weight ticket · scale receipt · weighmaster certificate

执法机构用于称量并检查商用车辆的固定或临时设施，可核查重量、尺寸、车辆设备、装载、登记和司机要求。它不同于收费提供磅单的商业公共秤站，也不只是一次简单过磅。A fixed or temporary enforcement facility used to weigh and inspect commercial vehicles for weight, size, equipment, loading, registration, and driver requirements. It differs from a commercial public scale that sells a weighing ticket and may involve more than weighing alone.

经过时看现场标志、开放状态和适用于本车的指示；不要因为刚在商业秤站过磅，就认为可以忽略执法检查站或其他检查要求。Watch the posted signs, open status, and instructions that apply to the vehicle. A recent weighing at a commercial scale does not excuse a required stop at an enforcement facility or satisfy other inspections.

也叫：Also: 卡车磅站 · 商用车检查站 · truck scale · inspection station · Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Facility · CVEF

用车辆结构、垫木、支撑、绑带、链条或其他合适装置，把货物固定、阻挡或约束在车辆内外，避免行驶中泄漏、掉落或移动到影响车辆稳定和操控。柜门铅封只显示封闭状态或编号，不承担这种固定作用。The use of vehicle structures, dunnage, blocking, bracing, tiedowns, chains, or other suitable means to contain, immobilize, or restrain cargo so it does not leak, fall, or shift enough to affect vehicle stability or handling. A container seal indicates closure or identity; it does not secure the cargo.

出发前确认谁负责装载和固定，并检查适用于该货物与车体的固定方式和可见损坏。门已上封、提单已签或货物在封闭厢内，都不自动证明固定合格。Before departure, confirm who is responsible for loading and securement, and inspect the method for that cargo and body plus visible damage. A sealed door, signed BOL, or enclosed trailer does not automatically establish adequate securement.

也叫：Also: 货物捆扎 · 装载固定 · load securement · cargo restraint · tie-down

记录一段时间属于哪种活动：非值勤／休息（Off Duty）、卧铺休息（Sleeper Berth）、驾驶（Driving），或值勤但未驾驶（On Duty, Not Driving）。应按实际活动和责任记录；ELD（电子记录仪）不会替你判断所有等待、装卸和休息时间。The category recorded for each period: Off Duty, Sleeper Berth, Driving, or On Duty, Not Driving. Record the actual activity and responsibilities. An electronic logging device (ELD) does not decide every waiting, loading, or rest period for the driver.

停车不一定就是下班，坐在驾驶室也不一定就是卧铺。装卸、检查或等待时，按实际责任核对当前状态；车辆移动前先看 ELD（电子记录仪）显示，发现错误按规定及时更正或说明。Being parked does not always mean off duty, and sitting in the cab is not automatically sleeper berth. During loading, inspections, or waiting, classify the time from the actual responsibility; check the ELD before moving and correct or annotate errors as required.

也叫：Also: 工时状态 · 日志状态 · driver duty status · log status · RODS status